TRAINING. 369 



fignre. Again, if a branch be fixed in a horizontal position, as in fig. 297, 

 the strongest shoot will be produced from the most vertical bud near the 

 base of the shoot, as at rf, and the shoot produced from e will be the weakest ; 

 but by turning up the point of this horizontal shoot, as at fig. 298 /, 

 2 V. nearly as strong a shoot 



^ Ssat ==^ssc = ^ j will be produced as if ^ 



YV the branch had been 

 :rrr^W fixed in a vertical po- 



a considerable distance from the main stem of the plant. The bud at/, in 

 this example, will also make a strong shoot. It is easy to conceive how 

 these facts may be taken advantage of in training trees on flat surfaces. 

 All the main branches, which in the common mode of fan-training, and also in 

 Seymour's mode, are laid in at an angle of 45, are by Hayward's mode laid 

 in much nearer the horizontal position, but always with their extreme 

 points turned up. Trees may be trained in this manner either without a 

 main stem, which constitutes the slightest deviation from common fan- 

 training, and which has been found greatly preferable to it by Mr. Callow, 

 Mr. Glendinning, and others ; with one main stem, or with two main stems, 

 both of which modes have been tried and proved by Mr. Hayward. 



804. Wavy fan-training with two stems. Suppose that the object is "to 

 cover a space of wall of sixteen feet in length and twelve feet high, and at 

 the same time to provide a length of stem of eight feet from the root for the 

 sap to pass through to prepare it for fructification (which is required by the 

 peach tree), we must obtain a plant with two equal stems, growing from the 

 same base, of four feet each ; for by each taking one-half of the sap supplied, 

 and passing it over four feet, both surfaces together will be equal to oi'.e 

 stem of eight feet high ; and in order to bring the fruiting part of the tree as 

 near the earth as possible, and to fill the lower part of the wall or trellis, we 

 must bend each of the stems down, as in fig. 299 ; and all the buds being 

 removed, but three at each extremity, ft, ft, (and it must be remembered that 



unless this is particularly attended to, it 

 will be almost impossible to succeed in 

 training a tree in this manner,) those will 

 take the full quantity of sap supplied by 

 the root, and form shoots of proportionate 

 strength, and those shoots during the sum- 

 mer may be trained upwards, as in fisr. 300. 



Fig. 300. War y-traininc], first stage. m. / n , ,1 i i i 



The following winter the side-branches 



must be brought down to their proper position to the right and left, as in 

 fig. 301. If the horizontal branches are four feet long, or of the full length 

 required to fill the space of 

 sixteen feet allowed, the , / 

 points of those branches must ' .. / ' ^^ 

 be laid flat, as at t, on the ^^~- ^ 



left-hand side of 301 ; but if jj 



they are required to grow **#&. 



longer, the points must be Fig. 301. Wavy-training, third stage. 



turned up, as on the right-hand side, k. The next object must be to manage 

 the centre shoots, or stems, which are to furnish horizontals, so as to cover 



