376 TRAINING. 



addition made to the horizontal shoots, as in fig. 320. The third year, two 

 other upright shoots, or if the plant is in a vigorous state, four will be pro- 



, j duced, as in fig.321; and this will 



J I generally be found sufficient hori- 

 .a^a JL^L^fc zontal extension for a gooseberry, 



currant, or rose. See fig. 322. The -~* 



IH 



11 



-*a*Bir 



Fig. 320. Perdicu- B upright shoots now established 

 lar training, second Will advance at the rate 01 from Fig. 321. Perpendicular train- 

 stage. nine inches to a foot in a year, if in 9> third sta s> e - 



the plants are gooseberries or currants, but a great deal faster if they are 

 climbers of any kind. This mode of training is frequently combined with 

 the fan manner, when vines, roses, Wistarias, or other luxuriant climbers, 

 p*-e to be trained against the gable ends of houses, as shown in fig. 313. 



809. Instruments and materials. In addition to those mentioned (784) as 



. _ required for training in general, we may add for 

 training against walls and trellises, a pair of 

 scissors for clipping the shreds ; a hammer, with 

 a shaft of sufficient length, that when hung on 

 one round of the ladder by the head, the other 

 may rest on the round below so as not to fall 

 through ; a leathern wallet, such as that figured 

 and described in p. 167, or in default of it a 

 . basket, fig. 323, about twelve Inches long, six 

 inches broad, and six inches deep, 

 with loops to put a belt through on 

 one side, that it may hang before the 

 operator, having the side on which 



the loops are made bending to rest Fig. 323. Train 

 ^ better against ^ ^ and & ^ er ' s basket . 



vision in the middle for two different sorts of shreds 

 the longer of these should be an inch or more in breadth, and the shorter, for 

 the bearing shoots of peaches and nectarines, about a third of an inch (Hitt) ; 

 a deal plank to tread upon, with a strap at each end to drag it along either 

 way, or to lift it with one hand ; a small pair of pincers for drawing out 

 nails in places where the hammer cannot be so conveniently employed, and 

 a pair of pliers, if wire is used as ties ; a key or narrow saw (fig. 202, in 

 p. 290) for taking off old branches; a mallet, and a chisel about two inches 

 broad at the mouth, for the same purpose ; to which we may add a couple 

 of step-ladders, on which a plank may be placed at different heights parallel 

 to the wall for the operator to stand on, by which he will do much more 

 work, and with much greater ease to himself. In cutting branches of trees 

 trained against walls, the cut or wounded section should always, if possible, 

 be on the under side of the branches, or next the wall ; and in the case of 

 espaliers, it ought to be on the under side. 



810. Comparative view of the different modes of training. It is well to 

 understand the various methods of training detailed in the foregoing pages ; 

 and knowing them, any modification may be adopted which circumstances 

 may require, provided the general principles are kept in view. Ornamental 

 shrubs are easily managed, because they have not a tendency to rear them- 

 selves by forming a strong stem ; but with regard to fruit-trees, the case is 

 otherwise. These, it is well known, if left to nature, form one strong stem, 



Fig. 322. Perpendicular training 



