BUFFALO BERRY, AND WINTER CHERRY. 581 



All the species of berberry throw up numerous suckers, and become 

 crowded with shoots and branches, and hence when fruit is the object they 

 should be trained to single stems, for one foot or two feet in height, and all 

 suckers removed ; and the branches should be kept moderately thin. All 

 the species will succeed perfectly in any good soil, and in an open situation 

 in the orchard. 



1264. The Elder-tree, Sambucus nigra, L. (Sureau, Fr.; Hollunderbaum, 

 Ger.; Vlierboom, Dutch; Sambuco, ItaL, and Sanco, Span.; E. B. 476, 

 Arb. Brit, ii. p. 3027, and Encyc. of Trees and Shrubs, p. 513), is a low 

 deciduous tree, a native of most parts of Europe, and chiefly found near 

 human habitations. It is highly ornamental both when in flower and in 

 fruit. An infusion of the flowers is used to flavour some articles of confec- 

 tionery, and a wine is made from the fruit by boiling it with spices and 

 sugar. Immense quantities of fruit are grown in Kent, and other places in 

 the neighbourhood of London, and sent to market for making this wine, 

 which is always taken hot, and commonly after supper. The tree requires 

 a good soil and an open airy situation, and should be kept free from 

 suckers. 



1265. The Cornelian Cherry, Cornus Mas. L.; C. mascula, L'Herit. (Cor- 

 nouiller, Fr.; Kernel Kirsche, Ger.; Kornoelje, Dutch; Corgnolo, ItaL; 

 Cornejo, Span.; Arb. Brit. vol. ii. p. 1014, and Encyc. of Trees and Shrubs, 

 p. 501), is a low deciduous tree, a native of the middle and south of Europe, 

 in the margins of woods, and in soils more or less calcareous ; and it has been 

 cultivated in gardens, from the time of the Romans, for its fruit, which, 

 however, was not much esteemed by that people. It was very general in 

 ancient gardens ; its fruit being very ornamental on the tree, and also found 

 excellent in tarts, robs, and preserved in various ways. As seedling plants 

 of this species of Cornus bear only male blossoms for twelve or fifteen years, 

 and some continue to do so always, it is desirable to procure plants which 

 have been grafted, or raised by layers from fruit-bearing trees, the flowers 

 of which are always hermaphrodite. Du Hamel says that there are varieties 

 of cornel in France and Germany with wax-coloured fruit, white fruit, and 

 fleshy round fruit. The tree' should be planted in a situation open to the 

 south, but sheltered from high winds. 



1266. The Buffalo berry, Shepherdia argentea, Nutt. ; Hippophae argentea, 

 Pursh. (Rabbit berry, Amer., and Graisse de Buffle, Fr. ; Arb. Brit. vol. iii., 

 p. 1327, and Encyc. of Trees and Shrubs, p. 700), is a low tree, a native 

 of the banks of the Missouri, where it flowers in April and May, and 

 ripens its scarlet diaphanous berries in September. These are said to be 

 about the size of the red currant, much richer to the taste, and they are 

 produced in such abundance as to form one continued cluster on every 

 branch and twig. The tree being dioecious, care should be taken to pro- 

 cure both sexes. There are plants in England, but, as far as we know, they 

 have not yet ripened fruit. In an account of this fruit in the Gardener's 

 Magazine for 1831, the writer considers it "one of the greatest acquisitions 

 of the fruit -bearing kind that has recently been brought into notice in the 

 United States." 



1267. The Winter Cherry, Physalis Alkekengi, L. (Coqueret, Fr., and 

 Judenkirsche, Ger.), is a herbaceous creeping rooted perennial, a native 

 of the south of Europe, quite hardy, and growing freely, and producing 

 fruit abundantly m common garden soil. The fruit is yellow, and about 



