PINE COUNTY, 1888. WARREN UPHAM. 



The drift in the main was derived from the region to the. northeastward. It is 

 less thick than in most of the country to the west, averaging about seventy-five feet. 

 But south of Snake river the drift contains limestone boulders and gravel, evidently 

 from the west or northwest. A distinctly morainic tract about six miles wide enters 

 the county from Chisago county, and another from Aitkin county of about the same 

 width. These drift materials were washed by the waters resulting immediately from 

 the glacier and gave rise to copious gravel products which were strewn over the 

 country toward the south from the ice along the main valleys, forming delta plains, 

 which, cut into by the post glacial drainage courses, have formed the terraces that 

 bound most of the valleys. 



The Kettle River valley was, later, the outlet of lakes St. Louis and Nemadji, 

 glacial lakes that were in Carlton county at the western end of the Lake Superior 

 valley; while at a still later date a larger glacial lake, occupying the western end of 

 the Lake Superior valley, had its outlet byway of the Brule-St. Croix valley through 

 Wisconsin. It is probable that the most of the post-glacial excavation in the rocks, 

 seen along the Kettle and the St. Croix rivers, was due to these larger streams. 



Owing to the finding of many nuggets of native copper in Pine county it is 

 probable that the Keweenawan rocks will be found to contain copper in considerable 

 quantity, but all mining tests that have been made to discover such deposits have 

 thus far proved unsuccessful. 



The Hinckley sandstone is extensively quarried in the bluffs of Kettle river. 



N. H. w. 



