580 



THE PALEONTOLOGY OF MINNESOTA. 



[Nuculldio 



may be produced, without materially affecting the arrangement of the teeth, by the 

 development of a small pit immediately beneath the beak (see plate XLII, fig. 80), 

 or the teeth may be so arranged that the two series of teeth are directed at almost 

 right angles to each other (see plate XLII, figs. 39, 90, 101 and 102). Finally, the 

 shell is often very thin and the muscular scars barely distinguishable, while in other 

 forms the shell may be thick and the muscular imprints exceedingly strong. 



In the present work I have allowed all these divergent types to remain under 

 the single genus Ctenodonta. This does not, however, say that 1 could not have sub- 

 divided the genus into several, nor that I do not believe that such a course will 

 eventually be considered not only possible but desirable. Meek and Worthen long 

 ago* expressed themselves as favoring a separation of the subtriangular forms like 

 C. alta Hall, from the more typical ovate or elongate species. And Dr. S. A. Millerf 

 quite recently proposed the new genus Palceoconcha for one of the species of that 

 group. He did so, however, under the misapprehension that the hinge of the species 

 described by him is edentulous; so his evidence on the point is much weakened, for he 

 would, most likely, not have proposed his genus had he understood the hinge fully. 



For the reason about to be mentioned, I am probably in a better position than 

 any one else to speak of the possible subdivisions of this genus, namely, my efforts 

 to collect a large mass of material have been successful, not only in the way of 

 individuals, but in adding very greatly to the number of known species. Indeed, 

 the Lower Silurian species in my cabinet outnumber the forms described previous 

 to 1890 more than two to one. I believe, therefore, that with the careful study that 

 has been given to this abundance of material, I am able to discriminate in a fairly 

 trustworthy manner between the important and unimportant characters, to approx- 

 imate truth in my views of the inter-relations of the species and to understand some 

 of the genetic questions involved in the development of the family. 



The Lower Silurian .species may be arranged in six more or less well marked 

 groups, as follows: 



1. C. nasuia group. 



Elongate shells, narrow posteriorly, beaks subcentral; muscular scars moder- 

 ately or distinctly impressed, hinge but slightly arcuate, teeth in a continuous 

 series, straight or bent outwards. 



Species: nasuta Hall, nasuta, var. robusta \]\rich..subnasut(i Ulrich, ovifornm Ulrich, 

 cunei/ormis Ulrich, regia, n. sp., tyennesseensis, n. sp., appressa, n. sp., crandalli, 

 n. sp., iphigenia Billings. 



*Oeol. 8ur. 111., vol. Ill, p. 309: 1868. 



t North American Geology and Paleontology, p. 498; 1891. 



tThe new species, which are not described hi this work nor In vol. vil of tin- Ohio Geological Survey reports, are 

 marked simply a- n. sp. Descriptions of these forms will, it 1- hoped, lie pulilMied at an enrly dute, Die phiiii on which 

 they :m> illu-tr:ited being ready for pul>lir:it inn. 



