620 GEOLOGY OF CENTRAL WISCONSIN. 



between the abundance of copper implements, and the abundance of 

 drift copper fragments, which in ancient times were probably much 

 more plenty on the surface than now, and which by pounding could 

 yield any and all of the implements ever found. Even a simple melt- 

 ing down was unnecessary, and is directly disproved by the occur- 

 rence on the tools of unalloyed silver. Some of the copper for these 

 ancient implements may have been obtained directly from its home 

 in the rock, on the shores of Lake Superior, but this required, of 

 course, no more smelting than the drift fragments. 



In size the bowlders vary much, but there is generally a marked 

 break in size between them and the "pebbles," the latter being pre- 

 dominatingly of limestone, the former of crystalline rocks of various 

 kinds. In general the largest bowlders are found farther north. In 

 the southern part of the district the larger ones run, commonly, from 

 two to four feet in diameter, rarely exceeding the latter ligure, though 

 occasionally running to as much as 10 feet in one dimension. In 

 Waushara county, especially on the eastern flank of the Kettle Range, 

 bowlders 5 to 10 feet in diameter are very plenty, occurring sometimes 

 in thick clusters, as on the hill immediately north of the village of 

 Poysippi, and in several other places in the neighborhood, where many 

 of one kind are found, giving rise to some doubt as to the possible ex- 

 istence of the rock in place. The largest bowlder observed anywhere in 

 the district lies at the edge of a wood on the S. E. qr. of Sec. 16, T. 18, 

 R. 11 E., "VVaushara county. It is a red granite, sharp-angled, 13^- 

 feet high, 30 feet long, and 22 wide, measures 110 feet in circumfer- 

 ence, is buried in its lower part to an unknown extent, and came from 

 a large outcrop' about four miles east. In shape, the smaller bowlders 

 are often very much rounded, the angularity increasing with the size, 

 but depending also much upon composition, hornblendic bowlders al- 

 ways showing more rounding. Scratched and polished bowlders are 

 often seen, but do not form any large proportion, and are generally of 

 the harder and less destructible rocks, such as quartziteand granite. 



With regard to the distribution of bowlders, it may be said that, 

 whilst scattered widely over the whole region, they are more plenty 

 in the northern than in the southern portions of the district, and 

 are especially numerous along the inner (eastern) edge of the Ket- 

 tle Range. The greatest development of bowlders noticed in Cen- 

 tral Wisconsin was in eastern Waushara county, and in the adjoin- 

 ing portions of Portage and Waupaca. North of the village of 

 Poysippi, as already stated, the hill is thickly studded with immense 

 bowlders of a coarse, knotty gneiss, composed chiefly of black mica 

 and pink felspar. In the town of Rose, T. 20, R. 10 E., the slope 



