i LUTHERANS AND CALVINISTS 53 



it condemned the views of the Calvinists on the person 

 of Christ, their denial of his " Real Presence " in the 

 bread and wine of the communion table, and their 

 doctrine of predestination. When Bruno arrived in 

 Wittenberg, Lutherans were still in power, as they 

 had been under the old Duke Augustus. His son 

 Christian I., however, under the influence of John 

 Casimir, his brother-in-law, of the Palatinate, had gone 

 over to the Calvinist faction, and was trying with the 

 aid of the Chancellor, Krell, to supplant the reigning 

 faith and authority. At the university the philo- 

 sophical faculty was, in the main, Calvinist, the 

 theological Lutheran ; and among the latter party was 

 an Italian Alberico Gentile, the father of International 

 Law, whom Bruno had perhaps known in England as 

 a professor at Oxford. Through him Bruno found 

 favour with the Lutheran party, and received permission 

 to lecture, on the condition that he taught nothing that 

 was subversive of their religion. For two years, accord- 

 ingly, he lectured on the Organon of Aristotle, and other 

 subjects of philosophy, including the Lullian art, which 

 he had for a time discarded. The excellent terms on 

 which he stood with his colleagues is shown by the 

 dedication of a Lullian work, De Lampade Com- Dedication 

 binatoria^ to the senate of the university. He speaks Lampade. 

 gratefully of their kind reception of himself, the 

 freedom of access and residence which was granted not 

 only to students but to professors from all parts of 

 Europe. In his own case " a man of no name, fame, 

 or authority among you, escaped from the tumults of 

 France, supported by no princely commendation, with 

 no outward marks of distinction such as the public 

 loves, neither approved nor even questioned in the 

 dogmas of your religion ; but as showing no hostility to 



