ii THE GOODS OF THE SOUL 271 



intelligence, family and social life would have been no 

 more enduring with him than with the horse, the deer, 

 or the pig ; it would only have exposed him to greater 

 danger and more certain ruin ; and, in consequence, 

 there would have been none of the institutions of 

 doctrine, the inventions of discipline, the congregations 

 of citizens, the raising of edifices and other things that 

 represent human greatness and excellence, and make 

 man the invincible superior over all other species. All 

 this is referred not so much to his mind as to his hand, 

 the organ of organs. 1 It is in the development of the 

 hand, also, that modern anthropology has sought one of 

 the chief conditions of human development. It is 

 clear, however, that in these theories there are two 

 positions not distinctly separated : one that the soul 

 gives form to the body, the other that all difference 

 comes from the body, the soul remaining apart, and in 

 its essence untouched by the changes its body undergoes. 

 We shall have to return to this question in the follow- 

 ing chapter. 



Another digression occurs under Hercules? where Riches and 

 Riches, Poverty, and Fortune contend for the place of pov 

 honour that is finally given to Courage or Fortitude. 

 Such personifications of the virtues had been familiarised 

 in Italian philosophy by Petrarca (Remedium utriusque 

 fortunae\ but Bruno refers back to Grantor's discussion 

 of the relative value for the soul of Riches and other 

 goods. 3 In our dialogue Riches is decided to be 

 neither good nor bad in itself ; it may be indifferently 



1 Lag. p. 586. 35 ff. 2 Ib. p. 469. 7. 



3 Sextus Mat/':, xi. 51-58. Crantor was one of the Old Academy, and wrote a 

 commentary on the Titraeus, as well as some ethical works, of which that " On 

 Mourning " seems to have been most in vogue. The goods of the soul were placed 

 in the following order of merit by him : Virtue, Health, Pleasure, Riches. Vide 

 Zeller, ii. 696. 



