346 GIORDANO BRUNO PART 



the monad-doctrines, monads as living mirrors of the 

 universe, as fulgurations of God, the Pre-established 

 Harmony the future as involved in the present, " the 

 present is pregnant with the future," the phenomen- 

 ality of sense-objects God as the highest monad, etc. 

 He argues that Leibniz derived his idea that " the 

 monads have no windows by which anything can enter 

 or depart " from casual remarks by Bruno as to the 

 u windows of the soul," " the gates of the senses " by 

 which images enter in, or "the chinks and holes" by 

 which we gaze outwards upon the world. The coup 

 de grdce was given to this legend, for so we must call it, 

 by Ludwig Stein in his Leibniz und Spinoza. 1 He 

 showed that Leibniz was already in full possession of 

 the idea of the monad at least ten years before he found 

 the most fitting expression for it, and that after 1696 

 he used the word " Monad " always as the distinctive 

 badge or typical name for his substances or forces ; 

 that before 1700 he knew of Bruno only one of the 

 Lullian works (the De Arte Combinatorid, v. Dutens, 

 ii. 367), and perhaps the mathematical articles (adv. 

 Mathematicos^ ib. iii. 147). Apart from these works, 

 which could have no reference to his own philosophy, 

 he was acquainted with Bruno only by hearsay, as a 

 reputed forerunner of Descartes ; even as librarian of 

 the Brunswick Library, although some of Bruno's 

 works were in his guardianship, he is not likely to have 

 read them until his attention was called to them by 

 their alleged resemblance to his own theory. And 

 then, as we learn from the letter to Lacroze (nth 

 April I7o8), 2 he hardly appreciated them at their true 



1 Ein Beitrag %ur Entivickelungsgeschichte der Leihnixschen Philosophic (1890), \. 

 pp. 197 ff. 



2 In Dutens, v. 492 j cf. also a letter of ist May (p. 493). 



