TABLE OF CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION 



PAGE 



Biology and the biological sciences i 



The living and the not-living '. . 2 



The living substance protoplasm 4 



PART I. PLANTS 



Laboratory and field exercises 7 



Color. The light relation. The leaves. Phyllotaxy. The stem. 



The roots 15 



Seeds. Germination. The seedling. The mature plant. Structure 

 and function of the roots. Structure and function of the stem. 

 Structure and function of the leaves. Photosynthesis. Res- 

 piration. Translocation of food substances. Other food sub- 

 stances. Differentiation of tissues 22 



Modified roots. Modified stems and branches. Modified leaves . . 49 

 Homology of the flower. Inflorescence. Structure of the flower. 

 Function of the flower. Pollination and fertilization. The 



seed. The fruit. Seed distribution 53 



Classes of plants : Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Cryptograms ... 71 

 Ecology: Water, temperature, latitude and altitude, light, soil, re- 

 lation of plants to each other, carnivorous plants, physiographic 

 relations 75 



APPENDIX TO PART I 

 CLASSES OF PLANTS 



Branch I. Thallophyta 101 



Class i. Myxomycetes 101 



2. Schizophyta 102 



3. Diatomeae 105 



4. Conjugate 105 



vii 



