BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK IN ITS RELATION TO DISEASE 457 



Twenty-four were put on raw modified milk; 13 of these had serious 

 diarrhoea, in 5 of whom it was so severe that they were put back upon 

 heated milk; 10 took raw milk all summer without bad effects; 2 died, 

 1 from gross neglect on the part of the mother, the other from diarrhoea. 

 Of the 21 on Pasteurized milk, 5 had severe attacks of diarrhoea, but 

 all were kept on this milk except for short periods, when all food was 

 omitted; 16 did well throughout the summer. One infant, markedly 

 rachitic, died. The third summer's results have not been tabulated, 

 but were similar to those of the first two tests. 



The outcome of these observations during the first two summers are 

 summarized in the following table: 



Although the number of cases was not large, the results, almost 

 identical during the three summers, indicate that even a fairly pure milk 

 when given raw, in hot weather, causes illness in a much larger per- 

 centage of cases than the same milk given after Pasteurization. A 

 considerable percentage of infants, however, do apparently quite as 

 well on raw as on Pasteurized wilk. 



Heated Milk vs. Raw Milk for Older Children. The children over three 

 years of age who received unheated milk, containing at different times 

 from 145,000 to 350,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimetre, showed 

 almost no gastrointestinal disturbance. The conditions at three insti- 

 tutions will serve as examples. 



In the first of these an average grade of raw milk was used which, 

 during the summer contained from 2,000,000 to 30,000,000 bacteria 

 per cubic centimetre. This milk was stored in an ice-box until re- 

 quired. It was taken by the children unheated and yet no case of diar- 

 rhoea of sufficient gravity to send for a physician occurred during the 

 entire summer. This institution was an orphan asylum containing 650 

 children from three to fourteen years of age viz., three to five years, 98; 

 five to eight years, 162; eight to fourteen years, 390. 



A second institution used an unheated but very pure milk which was 

 obtained from its own farm. This milk averaged 50,000 bacteria per 

 cubic centimetre. The inmates were 70 children of ages ranging from 

 three to fourteen years. In this institution not a single case of diar- 

 rhoeal disease of any importance occurred during the summer. 



1 Thirteen of the fifty-one infants on raw milk were transferred before the end of the trial to 

 Pasteurized milk because of serious illness. If these infants had been left on raw milk it is believed 

 by the writers that the comparative results would have been even more unfavorable to raw milk. 



