TRYPANOSOMA 489 



The trypanosoma Gambiense is irregularly pathogenic for some 

 monkeys (Macacus rhesus and others), for dogs, cats, and rats. It is 

 less pathogenic for mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and horses. Cattle and 

 swine seem to be refractory. 



Pathological Anatomy. Congestion of the meninges; increased quan- 

 tity of cerebrospinal fluid ; hypertrophy of spleen, liver, and lymphatic 

 ganglia. 



Methods of Examination. BLOOD. If the direct examination of the 

 blood is negative, 10 c.c. should be withdrawn from a yein, and after 

 a< Id ing a tenth of its volume of citrate of sodium it should be centrifuged 

 for ten minutes, and the sediment examined in hanging drop and in smear. 



CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. Ten c.c. of the fluid withdrawn by lumbar 

 puncture should be centrifuged for fifteen minutes and the deposit 

 should be examined under 150 to 200 diameter magnification. Inocu- 

 lation of susceptible animals should also be made with the blood or 

 cerebrospinal fluid from the suspected case. 



So far Musgrave and Clegg, after many careful examinations, have 

 not found trypanosoma in any human beings in the Philippines. 



Diagnosis of Trypanosomiasis in General. This should be made as 

 early, as possible in order to prevent the spread of the disease. An 

 early positive diagnosis can only be made by the determination of the 

 blood infection. This is done in two ways: first, by the microscopic 

 examination of a hanging drop of freshly drawn blood; second, by 

 animal inoculation. In the microscopic examination it may be neces- 

 sary to examine the blood of the suspected animal for several days in 

 succession. The parasites are rarely absent in the early stages in domes- 

 tic animals for more than a few days at a time, while in man the time 

 may be much longer. If the trypanosomes cannot be found by this 

 method, animal experiment should always be made. Monkeys, if 

 possible, should be used, or if monkeys cannot be obtained, dogs or rats 

 may be used. A few drops to 1 c.c. of the blood from the suspected 

 animal should be inoculated intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. 



Blood smears may be stained by any modification of the Romanowsky 

 method. 



Prophylaxis against Animal Trypanosomiasis. The disease is readily 

 controlled by preventive measures. There should be strict quarantine 

 regulations governing the importation of animals. When the disease has 

 once appeared the following general measures should be taken: 1. Sus- 

 pected animals should be isolated. 2. All infected animals should be 

 destroyed. 3. As far as possible all biting insects should be destroyed. 

 4. The bodies of infected animals should be protected from biting 

 insects for at least twenty-four hours after death. 5. Susceptible ani- 

 mals should if possible be made immune. 



Treatment. Many drugs have been tried without success. Arsenic 

 in various forms has been found to prolong life, but has produced no 

 cures. It is, therefore, not to be recommended for the lower animals. 

 Recently, Ehrlich and Shiga have found that a certain red product of 

 the benzopurpurine series, to which they have given the name " trypan- 



