TRYPANOSOMA 



493 



FIG. 149 



specific lesions showed a second spiral micro-organism, for which they 

 propose the name of spirochaete refringens (Fig. 149) . The latter organ- 

 ism had, doubtless, been seen and described before by several observers. 

 Schaudinn and Hoffmann did not find the first spirochsete in non- 

 syphilitic lesions, nor did they find the second in the interior of the 

 syphilitic lesions studied by them. From the study of Schaudinn and 

 Hoffmann it is not difficult to explain the failure of previous investigators 

 to perceive spirochaete pallida and especially the failure of Bordet and 

 Gengou to obtain it in all of the several cases studied by them. The 

 organism is difficult to see in the fresh state, and it is also highly refrac- 

 tory to staining, so that special methods are required to demonstrate 

 it in fixed preparations. The description of the organism is as follows: 

 In the length the spirochaete varies from 4/t to W/JL, the average being 

 7ft; in width the variation is from immeasur- 

 able thinness to J/A The number of bends 

 is from 3 to 12. The organism agrees in 

 motility with the spirochaetes rather than 

 with the spirilla; there 'are three character- 

 istic movements: rotation on the long axis, 

 forward and backward motion, and bending 

 of the entire body. There are indications 

 of an undulating membrane, but none of 

 flagella. The poles end in sharp points. 

 No further details of structure have been 

 made out thus far. 



For the purpose of the study of the fresh 

 material dilution with salt solution of the 

 expressed juices of primary lesions, or the 

 fluid drawn by aspiration from the lymph 

 glands, is permissible. Prepared in this way 

 the spirochaetes were still actively motile, 

 according to Schaudinn and Hoffmann, after 



six hours. 



The Staining is accomplished with diffi- 



& 



culty, and the best results thus far have 



been obtained with Giemsa's eosin solution and azur. 



and Hoffmann recommend the following formula: 



Twelve parts of Giemsa's eosin solution (2.5 c.c. 1 per cent, eosin, 

 500 c.c. water). 



Three parts azur No. I (1: 1000 solution in water). 



Three parts azur No. II (0.8: 1000 solution in water). 



This mixture is to be freshly prepared. The films, which should be 

 thinly spread, are dried in the air and then hardened in absolute alcohol 

 for ten minutes, after which they are immersed in the stain from six- 

 teen to twenty-four hours. They are to be washed in water, dried in 

 the air, and examined in cedar oil. 



Flexner and Noguchi have published a report upon the^examination 

 of four cases showing syphilitic lesions an-l two controls. 



The two spirocba-tes in the centre 

 are Sp. pallida ; the three others, 

 Sp. refringens. (Schaudinn and 

 Hoffmann.) 



Schaudinn 



