INSECTS INJURIOUS TO RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY 461 



roots. " The borer," according to Lawrence, " first enters the roots 

 and tunnels through them promiscuously until the second spring, 

 and then directs its course upward, entering and eating the pith of 

 the cane for a distance of one to five inches." At the end of the 

 first summer the larva is one-half to three-quarters inch long. By 

 the middle of the second summer the larva is full grown and 

 bores an exit hole through the wood and bark just above the 

 crown, leaving the hole covered by the epidermis only. The 

 larva then descends into the tunnel and pupates. 



The pupa is about three-quarters inch long, reddish-brown, the 



FIG. 329. - Work of the raspberry root-borer: a, two canes with empty pupa 

 oases projecting from burrows; b, canes showing opening of tunnel 

 through which pupae have wriggled out. (After Lawrence.) 



head bears a sharp-pointed process, and each abdominal segment 

 bears two transverse rows of sharp teeth. By means of these the 

 pupa wriggles itself out of the burrow until it projects from the 

 aperture, and the adult moth emerges. This insect occurs through- 

 out the Middle and Northern States east of the Rockies, is injurious 

 in Washington and around Vancouver, B.C., and has been 

 observed in Colorado and New Mexico. 



'Control. The only method of control is to pull up the infested 

 canes, root and branch, and destroy them by burning. As this 

 is the only means of controlling "several pests of cane fruits, the 



