INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE 523 



bottom, which should be up from the ground about a foot, are 

 fastened several stiff wires of the shape of a hayrake tooth. These 

 are fastened so that the points curve inward and downward to 

 the ground at the base of the plants when the shield is held in 

 place beside the vines. The whole framework, including the 

 wires, is covered with oilcloth, which is coated with a sticky sub- 

 stance, made by using melted resin, 1 quart, and castor oil, 1 

 pint." Tanglefoot might be used instead. The hoppers are on 

 the lower leaves early in the season, so that the frames need not 

 be high, and it is at that season that it is important to catch 

 them. The vines will need to be gone over frequently, a man 

 carrying a shield on either side and jarring the vines so that the 

 hoppers will fly off and be caught on the shields. The young 

 hoppers may be killed by spraying with whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 

 10 gallons, 10 per cent kerosene emulsion, or tobacco extract. 

 In California a resin spray composed of 1 pound of resin and one- 

 quarter pound of lye dissolved in 15 gallons of water is used. This 

 work must be done with the greatest thoroughness, as the hoppers 

 must be hit to be killed. Underspray nozzles must be used and 

 handled by men who will cover the under surface of all the leaves. 

 This cannot be done by fixed nozzles, unless very high pressure 

 and many nozzles are used. The work is necessarily slow and 

 expensive and should be commenced as soon as the young 

 appear, when they may be more easily destroyed and when there 

 is less foliage to be sprayed. Several applications will usually 

 be necessary. 



The Grape Leaf -folder * 



Very frequently grape leaves are found folded or rolled 

 together, with the interior surface "more or less skeletonized, 

 from which a slender larva will wriggle out and fall or hang 

 suspended on a silken thread. The Grape Leaf -folder occurs 

 throughout the United States, and though usually not injurious, 

 sometimes becomes abundant enough to do serious damage. 



* Desmia funeralis Hiibner. Family Pyralidae. See Quaintance, and 

 Quayle, I.e. 



