INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE 525 



spicuous from the color of the lower surface. In the fall the 

 larvse pupate in the folded leaves and pass the winter in these 

 on the ground." Quaintance. 



Control. Where but a few larvse occur they may be crushed 

 by hand, and if this is done with the first brood it will greatly 

 reduce the numbers later in the season. Vineyards sprayed 

 with arsenicals will be protected, as the young larvse will be killed 

 before they fold the leaves. By collecting and burning the fallen 

 leaves or plowing them under deeply, many of the hibernating 

 pupa? may be destroyed. 



Hawk-moth Larvae * 



Several species of Hawk-moth or Sphinx-moth Iarva3 are com- 

 monly found on the vine. Most of them are widely distributed 

 throughout the country and feed on wild grape and Virginia creeper. 

 Usually they are not numerous enough to do serious damage, 

 and as they strip a branch at a time, they are readily seen and 

 may be destroyed before much injury is done. Occasionally, 

 however, one or two larvae may entirely strip a young vine, and 

 exceptionally the larva? appear in considerable numbers on old 

 vines, stripping them bare of foliage. They are large, smooth- 

 bodied larvse, 2 to 4 inches long, and may be distinguished 

 from those of other families of moths by the strong horn on the 

 next to the last segment, which has given them the common name 

 of horn-worms. In many species, this horn is present only in the 

 first one or two stages of the larva, disappearing with the next 

 molt and being replaced by a bright eye-spot, as shown in Fig. 377, 

 c, d. The life history, of the various species is much the same, 

 except that some have only one, while others have two genera- 

 tions a year in the North, though most all probably have two 

 generations in the South. They hibernate as large dark-brown 

 pupse, 3 or 4 inches below the surface of the ground, and 

 the moths emerge in spring. The moths are particularly attracted 

 to petunias, and may often be caught hovering over them at 



* Family Sphingidce. See O. Lugger, 4th Report State Ent. Minn.; Ida 

 M. Eliot and Caroline M. Soule, "Caterpillars and their Moths." (N. Y., 1902). 



