SOME INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD FRUITS 553 



Just before the cicadas leave the ground they are attacked 

 by hogs and also by disease. Upon leaving the ground they are 

 at once assailed by a host of predaceous insects and various animals. 

 One of the most valuable insect enemies is a large wasp (Sphecius 

 spedosus Dru.), which may often be seen bearing the adults 

 to its burrow, where they furnish food for her young. The Eng- 

 lish sparrow is remarkably fond of the adults and is the most 

 valuable factor in exterminating them in cities and towns. It 

 has been noticed that cicadas are much more likely to emerge 

 from newly cleared land, and with the removal of the forests and 

 cultivation of the land they are undoubtedly becoming more 

 scarce. 



Control. There is no means of destroying the adults, but many 

 of the pupae may be destroyed by allowing hogs to run on land 

 known to be infested during April and May of the year they 

 emerge, where it is feasible to do so. Injury to young orchards 

 may be avoided by not planting during the year or two previous 

 to the emergence of a brood in the particular locality. Budding 

 and grafting should also be avoided during the previous spring. 

 Orchards should not be pruned the year before a cicada-year, 

 so that there may be plenty of young wood in which they may 

 oviposit and which may then be removed without injury to the 

 tree. Evidently a knowledge of the time of appearance of each 

 brood in different sections is of great importance and may be 

 secured from the maps published (see Marlatt, I.e.). After all 

 the eggs are laid the affected twigs should be pruned off in July 

 and burned before the eggs have hatched. 



The Fall Webworm * 



The common fall w y ebworm is so called because in the North, 

 where there is but a single generation, its webs are abundant in 

 August and September, in contrast to those of the tent cater- 

 pillar, with which they are often confused, which are found in 

 the spring. The wings of the ad^ult moths expand from one to 



* Hyphantria cunea Dru. Family Arctiidce. 



