SOME INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD FRUITS 573 



Central States and in Colorado and northern California. As its 

 name indicates, it differs in life history in that the moths emerge 

 in Xovember and December, " often occurring in great numbers 

 on foggy days during a thaw after the ground has been frozen." 

 They are most numerous about the middle of Xovember in Connec- 

 ticut, although Dr. Britton states that when the ground freezes 



FIG. 427. The fall canker worm (Alsophila pometaria): a, male moth; 

 b, female natural size; c, joints of female antenna; d, joint of female 

 abdomen enlarged. (FromRiley.) 



in early fall and does not thaw, many of the adults do not emerge 

 until March, when the life history would be identical with the 

 last species. The eggs are laid in clusters of about 100, arranged 

 in rows, each egg fastened on end, and are laid on the bark of the 

 smaller branches or on the trunk. The egg is brownish-gray, 

 rather darker than that of the spring species, and is shaped like 



FIG. 428. The fall canker worm (Alsophila pometaria): a, b, egg; c, d, 

 side and dorsal views of larval segment enlarged; e, egg mass; /, larva; 

 g, female pupa natural size; h, anal tubercle enlarged. (From Riley.) 



a flower-pot, the outer end being marked with a dark spot in the 

 centre and a dark ring near the margin. The eggs hatch in late 

 April and early May in Connecticut. The larvae are very similar 

 in general appearance to those of the spring canker worm, but 

 may be easily distinguished by having two pairs of prolegs on 

 the middle of the abdomen. The pupa is similar to that of the 



