618 INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD 



but about thirty-three days in the District of Columbia, where 

 there are four generations a year, and about six weeks in Con- 

 necticut, where there are but two generations. The larva) of 

 the last generation line their mines with silk and in them pass the 

 winter in the fallen leaves, transforming to pupae the next spring. 



Control. As the larva) pass the winter in the fallen leaves, the 

 insect may be entirely controlled by plowing under the leaves 

 in late fall or early spring or by raking them up and burning them. 

 When the larvae become so abundant as to threaten serious inj ury 

 in summer they may be killed in their mines by spraying the 

 foliage with 10 to 15 per cent kerosene emulsion, but this is 

 not satisfactory in the early fall. 



The Pistol Case-bearer * and the Cigar Case-bearer f 



These interesting little case-bearers have long been known as 

 apple insects, but only in comparatively recent years have they 



FIG. 473. The pistol case-bearer (Coleophora malivorella Riley): a, apple 

 twig showing larval cases and work on leaves; b, larva; c, pupa; d, 

 moth; b, c, d, enlarged. (After Riley.) 



done sufficient injury to attract attention. Both species have 

 done serious damage in New York by boring into the young buds 



* Coleophora malivorella Riley. Family Elachistidce . 'See V. H. Lowe. 

 Bulletin 122, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. 



"\ColeophorafletcherellaYema\d. Family Elachistidce. See M. V. Slinger- 

 land, Bulletin 93, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta.; A. G. Hammar, Bulletin 80, 

 Part II, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. Agr. 



