88 /.Y7'A t OnrC770.Y 7V '.fO/.OCY. 



The principal ones arc arranged somewhat like the bars of a fan: 

 and the wings when not in i; >lded in a fan-like manner. The 



name Orthoptera f> given to this order on account of this longitudi- 

 nal folding and position of the second pair of wings when closed. 



There are many windless genera in the order. A few species have 

 the .interior pair only; and in one instance at least, the first pair 

 iting while the second pair are present. 



The mouth parts are all present, and are well developed. The 

 student who wishes to get a clear idea of the structure of a typical 

 mouth cannot do better than to dissect the mouth of a cock- 

 roach or locust. 



The appendages of the abdomen furnish important characters for 



the purposes of classification. Thus the 

 form of the ovipositor is of great 

 vice in distinguishing the families ; and 

 the ccrci, a pair of appendages one on 

 ach side near the caudal end of the 

 abdomen, are also much used in de- 

 scriptions. 



In the Orthoptera the metamorpho- 

 sis is incomplete. In the case of t! 

 species that never acquire wings the 

 change in form from the newly hatched 

 nymph to the adult is frequently in- 

 considerable. With others we see the 

 FIG. 8 3 .-Mouth- P arts of the Red- wings, developed by degrees, -is de- 

 scribed in Chapter [. (Figs. 8 t.. 



There are many Orthoptera that have in tin- adult state only 

 rudimentary wings. Th trongly immature ins< 



It is often important to determine whether a short-winged .speci- 

 men is an adult or not : thi ially true in case of the Acridi- 



'<r locusts. Fortunately this determination can easily be ii: 

 with the Jumping Orth< >n Saltatoriai. In case of ti- 



the wing-pads of the nymphs are inverted, as shown by the 

 curving down of the extremities of the wing-veins instead of u; 

 with the adult ; and the rudimentary wings are outside of the wing- 

 covers, instead of beneath them. There is also tin- distinction that 

 these rudiments of I d pair of wings are triangular in outline, 



and are flat, not folded ; while the wings of the adult are more or 

 folded, even when too small to be of use as organs of flight. 



Certain species belonging to the three higher families, Acridida-, 



