276 THE PROTOZOA 



sixteen, or thirty- two, up to many thousands. Examples are Gonium 

 (Fig. 119), Stephanosphcera, Volvox, etc. 



In addition to the six orders of flagellates enumerated above, there remain 

 some peculiar parasitic forms, the systematic position of which is extremely 

 doubtful. Such are the family Lophomonadidce, represented by Lophomonas 

 Uattarnm, a common parasite of the end-gut of the cockroach and other 

 Orthoptera, and the Trichonymphidce. including the genus Trichonympha and 

 allied forms, parasitic in the end-gut of termites of various species. 



Lophomonas blattarum, which has recently been studied by Janicki (70), 

 bears a tuft of flagella arising at the anterior pole of the body from a double 

 ring, or rather horseshoe, of blepharoplasts^ situated at the edge of a funnel- 

 shaped or cup-like structure, the calyx, which is prolonged into an axostyle 

 (Fig. 45). The nucleus hes within the calyx, which is surrounded in its turn 

 by a peculiar thickening or support, termed the " collar," consisting of free, 

 radially-disposed rods crowded together to form an aureole-like figure, approxi- 

 mately spherical. The nutrition is holozoic, and food-particles are ingested 

 at any point on the body-surface, as in the Pantastomiua. Multiplication 

 takes place by binary or multiple fission in the free state ; and division of the 

 nucleus up to eight within a cyst has been observed, but the entire life-cycle 

 has not been worked out. Associated with L. blattarum, another form, 

 L. striata, occurs, but it is doubtful if this is a distinct species, or a phase or 

 condition of L. blattarum. 



The group or family Trichonymphidce comprises a number of peculiar 

 parasites found in the digestive tract of various species of Termitidce ; such 

 are the genera Joenia, Lophophora, Calonympha, Devescovina, etc., and finally 

 the genus Trichonympha, from which the family takes its name. The chief 

 peculiarity of these forms is the possession of numerous flagella, which may 

 be disposed in tufts at the anterior end of the body, in a manner, similar to 

 Lophomonas (which by some authorities is included in this family), or may 

 be distributed over the whole body, like a coat of cilia, as in the genera 

 Trichonympha, Dinenympha, etc. 



According to Harfcmann, Trichonympha hertwigi occurs under two forms, 

 which he believes to represent male and female gamonts. They multiply 

 by binary fission, and also by a process of sporulation to produce swarm- 

 spores which are believed to be gametes. Dinenympha also exhibits sexual 

 dimorphism, according to Comes (333). 



From Janicki's investigations, there can be no doubt that Lophomonas is a 

 true flagellate, possibly allied to Trichomonas, possibly, however, to the Pan- 

 tastomina. The genus Joenia, parasitic in Calotermes flavicottis, was thought 

 by its discoverer, Grassi, to connect Lophomonas and Trichonympha ; the 

 recently-described genus Lophophora (Comes, 332) also has points of resem- 

 blance to Lophomonas, but is remarkable for the presence of undulating mem- 

 branes running the length of the body. By some authorities, however, the 

 Trichonymphidce have been placed with the Ciliata, while Hartmann considers 

 that they should rank as an independent class of the Protozoa. 



SUBCLASS II. : DINOFLAGELLATA SBU PERIDISIALES. 

 The characteristic feature of this subclass is the possession of 

 two flagella, which arise close together about the middle of the 

 body. One flagellum (Fig. 120, e) runs longitudinally backwards 

 as a trailing flagellum ; the other (Fig. 120, d) runs transversely 

 round the body. It is further characteristic of this group for the 

 cuticle to be greatly thickened, forming a tough cuirass, or lorica, 

 investing the body. The two flagella are usually lodged in grooves 

 in the cuirass, the longitudinal flagellum in a longitudinal groove 

 or suleus, the transverse flagellum in a circular groove, or annulus. 



