11 Some of the " Best Books " on Animal Life 355 



A. Richard 1825-28), and at least one English translation. Three 

 large modem books on natural history correspond in some degree 

 to the Hist aire Naiurelk, viz. CasselPs Natural History, edited by 

 P. Martin Duncan (6 vols. ; London, 1882) ; The Standard or 

 Riverside Natural History, edited by J. S. Kingsley (6 vols. ; 

 London, 1888); and a remarkable work well known as Brehm's 

 Thierleben, of which a new (3rd) edition is at present in progress 

 (10 vols.; Leipzig and Wien, 1890). Those who read German 

 will find in Carus Sterne's (Ernst Krause's) Werden iind Vergehen 

 (3rd ed. ; Berlin, i886) the most successful attempt hitherto 

 made to combine in one volume a history of the earth and its 

 inhabitants. 



(6) From Buffon till now the history of biology shows a pro- 

 gressive analysis, a deeper and deeper penetration into the structure 

 and life of organisms. From external form to the internal organs, 

 from organs to the tissues which compose them, from tissues to 

 their elementary units or cells, and from cells to the living matter 

 itself, has been the progress of the science of structure — Mor- 

 phology. From habit and temperament to the work of organs, 

 from the functions of organs to the properties of tissues, from these 

 to the activities of cells, and from these finally to the chemical and 

 physical changes in the living matter or protoplasm, has been the 

 progress of the science of function — Physiology. Such is the lucid 

 account which Prof. Geddes has given of the last hundred years' 

 progress; see his article "Biology" in the new edition of 

 Chambers's Encyclopcedia. Following the metaphor on which we 

 have already insisted, we may compare this century of analysis to 

 the period of ordered and more intense study which in the individual 

 life succeeds the abandonment of encyclopasdic ambitions. 



We should clearly understand the histoiy of this gradually 

 deepening analysis of animals ; for if we would be naturalists 

 we must retread the same path. The history of biology has still 

 to be written, but there are already some useful books and papers, 

 notably — J. V. Carus, Geschichte der Zoologie (Miinchen, 1872) ; 

 J. Sachs, Geschichte der Botanik (Miinchen, 1875), translated 

 into English (Oxford, 1890); W. Whewell, History of the 

 Inductive Sciences (London, 1840) ; articles " Morphology " 

 and "Physiology," Encyclopcedia Britannica, by P. Geddes and 

 M. Foster ; H. A. Nicholson, Natural History : its Rise and 

 Progress in Britain (Edinburgh, 1888); A. B. Buckley, Short 

 History of Natural Science ; E. Perrier, La Philosophie Zoologique 

 avant Darwin. {Vzx\%, 1884); Ernst Krause (Carus Sterne), Die 

 Allgemeine IVeltanschauung in ihrer historischen Entwickelung 

 (Stuttgart, 1889). Very instructive, not least so in contrast, 

 are two articles, ' ' Biologj- " (in Chambers's Eticyclopadia), by 



