17 
one-seventh, one-sixth are hidieated and others may be inter- 
polated. The grade is read from the nuder side of the level. 
To graduate the board place level in position. Hold a pencil 
firmly against under side of level about two feet out from piv- 
oted end. Swing level, allowing pencil to mark ai'C of circle 
on board. Repeat operation holding pencil about three-fourths 
inch farther out on level. These arcs will form limits for the 
graduation marks. Remove level. Lay off accurately two 
feet, from centre of bolt hole about which level turns, along 
the board parallel to edge. At this point draw perpendicular 
line upwards. On this line lay off proper distances for grades 
desired. For example for grade of one-tenth the distance 
would be one-tenth of two feet or two and four-tenths inches, 
for one-sixth it would be one-sixth of two feet or four inches, 
etc. Connect each of these points with centre by lines and 
note by marks where these lines cross one of the arcs above 
mentioned. Finall}' advance each of these marks downward 
along the arc the distance, say one-half inch, that the bolt hole 
through the level is above the base of the level. Now replace 
level and bring base of same in turn to each of the marks as 
above determined and mark along the base of the level between 
the two arcs with a soft lead pencil. Carefully remove all 
marks except the arcs and the final lines drawn across them. . 
Place on each line the fraction indicating its grade. Two coats 
of shellac will complete the work. Further information about 
this grade level may be obtained of the writer. 
of/i. Road Construction. The four important points to be 
considered in constructing or reconstructing roads are as fol- 
lows : grade, drainage, proper form of road foundation, sur- 
facing. They should be considered in the order named. In 
common practice this order is reversed. Hence the necessity 
of doing over a great deal of work. 
A few words on each of these points. 
(o) Grade. Systematic efforts to reduce grades are rarely 
made outside of city limits. In Europe no expense is spared 
even among the mountains to reduce grades to at least one- 
twentieth. While this limit is beyond us at present, no year 
should be allowed to pass without the reduction in grade of 
