CHAP, viii.] THE GULF-STREAM. 359 



To these may be added the observations of Lieu- 

 tenant S. P. Lee, of the United States Coast Survey, 

 who, in August 1847, recorded a temperature of 

 2-7 C. below the Gulf-stream at a depth of 1,000 

 fathoms, lat. 35 26' K, long. 73 12' W. ; and of 

 Lieutenant Dayman, who found the temperature at 

 1,000 fathoms in lat. 51 N. and long. 40 W. to 

 be 0*4 C., the surface temperature being 12'5 C. 

 These results are fully borne out by the recent 

 determinations of Captain Shortland, R.N., who 

 observed a temperature of 2-5 C. in deep water in 

 the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay, 1 by 

 those of Commander Chimmo, R.N., and Lieutenant 

 Johnson, R.N., who found at various points in the 

 Atlantic a temperature of about 3'9 C. at 1,000 

 fathoms, and a slow decrease from that point to 

 2,270 fathoms, where the temperature registered by 

 unprotected thermometers was 6*6 C., reduced by the 

 necessary correction for pressure to about 1*6 C., 2 

 and finally by the temperature determinations of the 

 6 Porcupine J expeditions, carefully conducted with 

 protected instruments, but not carried nearer the 

 tropics than the latitude of the Strait of Gibraltar ; 

 and they appear to go far to establish a nearly uni- 

 form temperature for abyssal depths, not far from 

 the freezing-point of fresh water. 



As it was evident that the low temperature for 

 deep water in tropical regions could not be acquired 



1 Sounding Voyage of H.M.S. ' Hydra,' Captain P. F. Shortland. 

 London: 1869. 



2 Soundings and Temperatures in the Gulf-stream. By Commander 

 W. Chimmo, RN. (Proceedings of the Eoyal Geographical Society, 

 vol. xiii.) 



