CHAP, viii.] THE GULF-STREAM. 363 



tending in the least to coincide with the parallels 

 of latitude, run up into a series of long loops, some 

 of them continued into the Arctic Sea. 



The temperature of the bordering land is not 

 affected to any perceptible degree by direct radia- 

 tion from the sea ; but it is greatly affected by the 

 temperature of the prevailing winds. Setting aside 

 the still more important point of the equalization 

 of summer and winter temperature, the mean annual 

 temperature of Bergen, lat. 60 24' IN"., subject to 

 the ameliorating influence of the prevailing south- 

 west wind blowing over the temperate water of the 

 North Atlantic, is 6'7 C. ; while that of Tobolsk, 

 lat. 58 13' N., is - 2 4 C. 



But the temperature of the North Atlantic and 

 its bordering lands is not only raised above that 

 of places on the same parallel of latitude having a 

 6 continental ' climate, but it is greatly higher than 

 that of places apparently similarly circumstanced to 

 itself in the southern hemisphere. Thus the mean 

 annual temperature of the Eseroe Islands, lat. 62 2'N., 

 is 7'l C., nearly equal to that of the Falkland Islands, 

 lat. 52 S., which is 8*2 C. ; and the temperature of 

 Dublin, lat, 53 21' N., is 9'6 C., while that of Port 

 Famine, lat. 53 8' S., is 53 C. Again, the high 

 temperature of the North Atlantic is not equally 

 distributed, but is very marked in its determination 

 to the north-east coast. Thus the mean annual 

 temperature of Halifax (Nova Scotia), lat. 44 39' N., 

 is 6-2 C., while that of Dublin, lat. 53 21' N., 

 is 9'6 C. ; and the temperature of Boston (Mass.), 

 lat. 42 21' N., is exactly the same as that of 

 Dublin. 



