MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT. 47 



nutely described a vast number of muscular variations in 

 man,, which resemble normal structures in the lower ani- 

 mals. The muscles which closely resemble those regularly 

 present in our nearest allies, the Quadrumana, are too 

 numerous to be here even specified. In a single male sub- 

 ject, having a strong bodily frame, and well-formed skull, 

 no less than seven muscular variations were observed, all of 

 which plainly represented muscles proper to various kinds 

 of apes. This man, for instance, had on both sides of his 

 neck a true and powerful " levator claviculce" such as is 

 found in all kinds of apes, and which is said to occur in 

 about one out of sixty human subjects.* Again, this man 

 had " a special abductor of the metatarsal bone of the fifth 

 digit, such as Prof. Huxley and Mr. Flower have shown to 

 exist uniformly in the higher and lower apes." I will give 

 only two additional cases; the acromio-basilar muscle is 

 found in all mammals below man, and seems to be correl- 

 ated with a quadrupedal gait,f and it occurs in about one 

 out of sixty human subjects. In the lower extremities Mr. 

 Bradley J found an abductor ossis metatarsi quinti in both 

 feet of man; this muscle had not up to that time been re- 

 corded in mankind, but is always present in the anthropo- 

 morphous apes. The muscles of the hands and arms parts 

 which are so eminently characteristic of man are extremely 

 liable to vary, so as to resemble the corresponding muscles 

 in the lower animals. Such resemblances are either perfect 

 or imperfect; yet in the latter case they are manifestly of a 

 transitional nature. Certain variations are more common 

 in man, and others in woman, without our being able to 

 assign any reason. Mr. Wood, after describing numerous 



St. George Mivart have shown in their Memoir on the Lemuroidea 

 ("Transact. Zoolog. Soc.," vol. vii, 1869, p. 96), how extraordinarily 

 variable some of the muscles are in these animals, the lowest 

 members of the Primates. Gradations, also, in the muscles leading 

 to structures found in animals still lower in the scale, are numerous 

 in the Lemuroidea. 



*See also Prof. Macalister in "Proc. R. Irish Academy," vol. x, 

 1868, p. 124. 



fMr. Champneys in "Journal of Anat. and Phys. " November. 



1871, p. 178. 



\ " Journal of Anat. and Phys.," May, 1872, p. 421 



Prof. Macalister (ibid., p. 121) has tabulated his observations, 



and finds that muscular abnormalities are most frequent in the fore- 



arms, secondly, in the face, thirdly, in the foot, etc. 



