THE RACES OF MAN. 227 



attempting to show how far he has been modified through 

 sexual selection, will give a brief summary of the chapters 

 in Part I. 



NOTE ON THE RESEMBLANCES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE 

 AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IN MAN AND APES. 

 BY PROF. HUXLEY, F.R.S. 



The controversy respecting the nature and the extent of the differ- 

 ences in the structure of the brain in man and the apes, which arose 

 some fifteen years ago, has not yet come to an end, though the sub- 

 ject matter of the dispute is, at present, totally different from what 

 it was formerly. It was originally asserted and reasserted, with sin- 

 gular pertinacity, that the brain Of all the apes, even the highest, 

 differs from that of man, in the absence of such conspicuous struct- 

 ures as the posterior lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, with the pos- 

 terior cornu of the lateral ventricle and the hippocampus minor, con- 

 tained in those lobes, which are so obvious in man. 



But the truth that the three structures in question are as well 

 developed in apes as in human brains, or even better; and that it is 

 characteristic of all the Primates (if we exclude the Lemurs) to have 

 these parts well developed, stands at present on as secure a basis as 

 any proposition in comparative anatomy. Moreover, it is admitted 

 by every one of the long series of anatomists who, of late years, have 

 paid special attention to the arrangement of the complicated sulci 

 and gyri which appear upon the surface of the cerebral hemispheres 

 in man and the higher apes, that they are disposed after the very 

 same pattern in him as in them. Every principal gyrus and sulcus 

 of a chimpanzee's brain is clearly represented in that of a man, so 

 that the terminology which applies to the one answers for the other. 

 On this point there is no difference of opinion. Some years since, 

 Prof. Bischoff published a memoir* on the cerebral convolutions of 

 man and apes; and as the purpose of my learned colleague was cer- 

 tainly not to diminish the value of the differences between apes and 

 men in this respect, I am glad to make a citation from him. 



" That the apes, and especially the orang, chimpanzee and gorilla, 

 come very close to man in their organization, much nearer than to 

 any other animal, is a well-known fact, disputed by nobody. Look- 

 ing at the matter from the point of view of organization alone, no 

 one probably would ever have disputed the view of Linnaeus, that 

 man should be placed, merely as a peculiar species, at the head of 

 the mammalia and of those apes. Both show, in all their organs, so 

 close an affinity that the most exact anatomical investigation is needed 

 in order to demonstrate those differences which really exist. So it is 

 with the brains. The brains of man, the orang, the chimpanzee, the 

 gorilla, in spite of all the important differences which they present, 

 come very close to one another " (1. c., p. 101). 



There remains, then, no dispute as to the resemblance in funda- 

 mental characters, between the ape's brain and man's; nor any as to 



*"Die Grosshirn-Windungen des Meuschen;" ' Abhandlungen der K. 

 Bayerisclien Akademie," Bd. x, 1868. 



