MAMMALS. 671 



and turn on their sides and twist about;* so that their 

 lower jaws often become distorted. * 



All male animals which are furnished with special weap- 

 ons for fighting are well known to engage in fierce battles. 

 The courage and the desperate conflicts of stags have often 

 been described; their skeletons have been found in various 

 parts of the world, with the horns inextricably locked 

 together, showing how miserably the victor and vanquished 

 had perished, f No animal in the world is so dangerous as 

 an elephant in must. Lord Tankerville has given me a 

 graphic description of the battles between the wild bulls 

 in Chillingham Park, the descendants, degenerated in size 

 but not in courage, of the gigantic Jios primigenius. 

 In 1861 several contended for mastery; and it was observed 

 that two of the younger bulls attacked in concert the old 

 leader of the herd, overthrew and disabled him, so that he 

 was believed by the keepers to be lying mortally wounded 

 in a neighboring wood. But a few days afterward one of 

 the young bulls approached the wood alone; and then the 

 "monarch of the chase," who had been lashing himself up 

 for vengeance, came out, and, in a short time, killed his 

 antagonist. He then quietly joined the herd, and long held 

 undisputed sway. Admiral Sir B. J. Sulivan informs ma 

 that, when he lived in the Falkland Islands, he imported a 

 young English stallion, which frequented the hills near 

 rort William with eight mares. On these hills there were 

 two wild stallions, each with a small troop of mares; " and 

 it is certain that these stallions would never have approached 

 each other without fighting. Both had tried singly to fight 

 the English horse and drive away his mares, but had failed. 

 One day they came in together and attacked him. This was 

 seen by the capitan who had charge of the horses, and who, 

 on riding to the spot, found one of the two stallions 



*0n the battles of seals, see Capt. C. Abbott, in "Proc. Zool, 

 Soc.," 1868, p. 191, also Mr. R. Brown, ibid, 1868, p. 436; also L. 

 Lloyd, "Game Birds of Sweden," 1867, p. 412, also Pennant. On 

 the sperin-wliale see Mr. J. H. Thompson, in "Proc. Zool, Soc.," 

 1867, p. 246. 



f See Scrope (" Art of Deer- Stalk ing," p. 17} on the locking of the 

 horns with the Cervus elaphus. Richardson, in " Fauna Bor. Amer- 

 icana," 1829, p. 252, says that the wapiti, moose and reindeer have 

 been found thus locked together. Sir A. Smith found at the Cape 

 of Good Hope the skeletons of two gnus in the same condition. 



