322 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



taking precedence over those of the " included " groups, requiring 

 sacrifice on the part of these smaller unities. The individual must 

 at times deny his physiological and egoistic interests ^ for the 

 satisfaction of his racial and social interests as represented 

 in his family; and the welfare of the family and its constituent 

 members must at times be sacrificed for the social interest as 

 represented in the state. This problem of conflicting interests 

 between individuals and groups finds a solution as soon as all can 

 be united in the attainment of a common purpose. War does this 

 temporarily, and Novicow has suggested the possibility of union 

 for cultural expansion, but this is a far distant goal. Now organ- 

 ization, it would seem, offers the desired remedy. There is no 

 friction in the perfect organism. The individual is able to 

 organize his various interests, — often conflicting, — by making 

 them all tributary to the attainment of a life purpose. Such is 

 the power of personality. Just in proportion, too, as various 

 social unities attain quasi-personality will such organization of 

 interests be possible as shall reduce friction to a minimum. 



Social evolution seems to be aiming not only at the develop- 

 ment of groupings of ever increasing size and complexity but also 

 of ever increasing integration and organization which means 

 specialization on the part of the various unities that make up the 

 whole.2 In the human personality we have the highest type both 

 of integration and of specialization with this difference between it 

 and all other unities: The biological organism is constituted of 

 parts that have no value except in relation to the well-being of the 

 whole, thus specialization is entirely subordinated to the need of 

 organic adaptation. In all social unities, however, as Spencer 

 insisted, the individual has value on his own account. He is an 

 end, not merely a means. The organization of group interests, 

 then, and the demand for specialization on the part of the con- 

 stituent members must be carried on with due regard for this 

 worth of personality, — and so it is in the long run, for the group 

 that does not follow this procedure is doomed to fail. 



* Following Ratzenhofer's classification. 



^ There seems to be a limit, however, to this movement, noted especially of 

 late in industry. 



