beads and some of our food. By doing this we were 

 able to count in the surroundings, in little groups, 

 about one hundred and fifty souls, more or less. 4 



De Goycoechea recommended a site near the Indian village in Olema Valley "as 

 the most appropriate [place] for founding a mission or establishment, as all 

 around there is a sufficient number of natives." He also commented on the 

 Tomales Bay area, noting that there was "a wonderment of various settlements 

 along the Bay Shore." De Goycoechea's 1793 encounter occurred as Miwok 

 men, women and children were being taken to the mission at San Francisco for 

 conversion to Catholicism, a fact that likely accounts for the distrust he faced at 

 Olema. At the time groups were hunting new mission sites, "recruiting heavily 

 by means of private parties and expeditions from the Costanoans and Coastal 

 Miwok." The establishment of Mission San Rafael Archangel in 1817 

 contributed to the disappearance of Miwok culture in the Olema Valley and 

 elsewhere, at least temporarily. After the missions were secularized in 1833 

 and mission lands dispersed to grantees, many Coast Miwok returned to find a 

 changed land, where oak trees had been cut for fire wood, elk and game had 

 been killed in great numbers and cattle grazed in the hills. 5 



4 As translated by Henry R. Wagner in his article, "The Last Spanish Exploration of the 

 Northwest Coast and the Attempt to Colonize Bodega Bay," California Historical Society Quarterly 

 10. No. 4. (December 1931): 342. 



5 Wagner, "Last Spanish Expedition," p. 345; Lawrence Kinnaird, "History of the Golden Gate 

 and Its Headlands" (typescript written for the National Park Service), 1962, 1967, pp. 35 and 128; 

 Sherburne F. Cook, "The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization" I-IV, 

 Ibero-Americana 21-24 (Berkeley: 1943), republished as a book in 1976 by U. C. Press, 1:75. 



6 



