COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 861 



7. C. NIGRA L. (KNAPWEED, SPANISH BUTTONS.) Rather harsh somewhat 

 branched plant ^ with reduced leaves extending nearly or quite to the heads, 



involucre subglobose ; the appendages of the bracts hirtellous, 

 blackish (rarely tawny) ; the outermost and middle ones lance- 

 deltoid and very deeply pectinate-ciliate ; the innermost ovate 

 or orbicular, paler and irregularly lacerate ; corollas rose- 

 purple, all tubular. Fields and roadsides, locally abundant, 

 Nfd. and Que. to N. J. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 1012. 



Var. RADIATA DC. Involucre tawny (rarely blackish) ; 

 Involucre and bract 0(rfefl flowers falsdy mdiate , _ K S> to Qnt> and p a ^ 



from Eu.) 



8. C. americana Nutt. Tall and smoothish (0.5-1.5 in. high); stems con- 

 spicuously thickened below the showy heads; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly 

 entire ; bracts all with conspicuously fringed scarious appendages, the outer- 

 most and middle with spreading, the elongate innermost with ascending, teeth ; 

 corollas rose-purple to flesh-pink, the outer conspicuously enlarged. Plains, 

 Mo., southw. and southwestw. May-Aug. 



9. C. MACULOSA Lam. Pubescent or glabrate, with ascending rather wiry 

 branches ; involucre ovoid-cainpanulate, in fruit becoming open-campanulate ; 

 the outer and middle ovate bracts with rather firm points and with 5-7 pairs of 

 cilia at the dark tip; innermost bracts elongate, entire or 



lacerate ; corollas whitish, rose-pink, or purplish, the marginal 

 falsely radiate. Waste places, roadsides, etc., N. E. to N. J. 

 (Adv. from Eu.) 



10. C. VOCHINENSIS Bernh. Harsh, somewhat resembling 

 no. 7 ; involucre of several very unequal series ; the outer- 

 most bracts deltoid or ovate, short, the dark pointed tip bear- 1013 c vochinensi8 

 ing 5-7 pairs of long cilia ; middle bracts elongate-lanceolate, In v 0lucre and bract ' 

 terminated by a dilated ovate or orbicular dark pectinate x y 

 appendage ; innermost bracts elongate, with dark or brightly 



colored erose or lacerate appendage ; corollas rose-purple, the marginal falsely 

 radiate. Fields and roadsides, local, N. E. to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 

 1013. 



87. CNICUS L. BLESSED THISTLE 



Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal sterile, shorter than 

 the others, which are perfect and fertile. Bracts of the ovoid involucre coria- 

 ceous, appressed, extended into a long and rigid spinous appendage. Recepta- 

 cle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenes terete, short, strongly inany-striate, 

 crowned with 10 short and horny teeth and bearing 10 elongated rigid bristles, 

 also 10 shorter alternating ones in an inner row. An annual somewhat 

 pubescent herb, with scarcely pinnatifid-cut but spinescent leaves and large 

 leafy-bracted heads of yellow flowers. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the 

 Greek KI/T/KOS.) 



1. C. BENEofcTus L. (Centaurea L.) Roadsides and waste places, rare, 

 N. B. and N. S. to Pa., and southw. (Adv. from Eu.) 



88. LAPSANA L. NIPPLE-WORT 



Heads 8-12-flowered. Bracts of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect; a short 

 outer series also present. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong ; pappus none. 

 Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled 

 small heads ; flowers yellow. (The \a/j,\{/dvr) of Dioscorides was evidently a 

 wild Mustard.) LAMPSANA Hill. 



1. L. coMMtJNis L. Nearly smooth, 3-8 dm. high ; lower leaves ovate, some- 

 times lyre-shaped. Roadsides and waste places, Que. to Pa., and Mich. (Nat. 

 from Eu.) 



