COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 



865 



1014. T. officinale. 

 Heads and leaf-tips x %. 



nate ; flowers yellow, (Name from Tapd<r<rcit>, 

 to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal 

 properties.) 



1. T. OFFICINALE Weber. (COMMON D.) 

 Leaves coarsely pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate, 

 rarely subentire ; heads large (3-5 cm. broad), 

 orange-yellow ; involucral bracts not glaucous ; 

 the outer elongated, conspicuously reflexed ; 

 achene olive-green or brownish, bluntly muricate 

 above, its beak 2-3-times its length ; pappus 

 white. (T. Dens-leonis Desf. ; 

 T. Taraxacum Karst.) Pas- 

 tures and fields, very common. 

 Apr.-Sept. (and rarely through- 

 out autumn and winter). 

 After blossoming, the inner in- 

 volucre closes, and the slender 

 beak elongates and raises up 

 the pappus while the fruit is 



forming ; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the 

 wind the naked fruits, with the pappus in an open globular 1015 - T> offt v - 1>al - 

 head. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 1014. Close(1 head x % 

 Var. PALUSTRE (Sm.) Blytt. Outer bracts lance- 

 olate to deltoid-ovate, ascending or spreading. In 

 damp places, e. Que. to Ct. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 

 1015. 



2. T. ERYTHROSPERMUM Andrz. (RED-SEEDED D.) 

 Leaves deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided 

 into narrow segments ; heads smaller (2-3 cm. broad), 

 sulphur-yellow, outer ligules purplish without; invo- 

 lucre glaucous, the inner bracts corniculate-appendaged 

 at tip; the outer short, lanceolate, spreading or ascend- 

 ing; achene smaller, bright red or red-brown, sharply 

 muricate above, more than half as long as the beak; 

 pappus sordid-white. In dry fields and on rocks, Me. 

 to Pa., locally w. to Kan". Late Apr. -June. (Nat. 

 from Eu.) FIG. 1016. 



1016. T. erythrospermum. 

 Heads and leaf-tip x %. 



99. S6NCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sow THISTLE 



Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im- 

 bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious, 

 of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly 

 falling together. Leafy -stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly 

 smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate 

 heads of yellow flowers produced in summer and 

 autumn. (The ancient Greek name.) 



* Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright 

 yellow, in large heads. 



1. S. ARVENSIS L. (FIELD S.) Leaves runcinate- 

 pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped 

 base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes trans- 

 versely wrinkled on the ribs. Roadsides, fields, and 

 gravelly shores, Nfd. and N. S. to N. J., w. to the 

 Rocky Mts., commonest north w. (Nat. from Eu.) 



* * Annual ; flowers pale yellow. 



2. S. OLER\CEUS L. (COMMON S.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, 

 rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a 



GRAY'S MANUAL 55 





\- 1. -v 



1017. 8. oleraceus. 

 Leaf x %. Achene x iy 3 . 



or 



heart- 



