394 THE MUSCLES AND FASCIAE. 



the aponeurosis of the Occipito-frontalis, and converge to be inserted into a 

 projection on the front of the helix. 



Relations. Superficially, with the skin ; deeply, with the areolar tissue derived 

 from the aponeurosis of the Occipito-frontalis, beneath which are the temporal 

 artery and vein and the temporal fascia. 



The Attollens aurem (Auricularis superior), the largest of the three, is thin 

 and fan-shaped : its fibres arise from the aponeurosis of the Occipito-frontalis and 

 converge to be inserted by a thin, flattened tendon into the upper part of the 

 cranial surface of the pinna. 



Eelations. Superficially, with the integument ; deeply, with the areolar tissue 

 derived from the aponeurosis of the Occipito-frontalis, beneath which is the temporal 

 fascia. 



The Retrahens aurem (Auricularis posterior) consists of two or three fleshy 

 fasciculi, which arise from the mastoid portion of the temporal bone by short 

 aponeurotic fibres. They are inserted into the lower part of the cranial surface 

 of the concha. 



Relations. Superficially, with the integument ; deeply, with the mastoid portion 

 of the temporal bone. 



Nerves. The Attrahens and Attollens aurem are supplied by the temporal 

 branch of the facial ; the Retrahens aurem is supplied by the posterior auricular 

 branch of the same nerve. 



Actions. In man, these muscles possess very little action : the Attrahens aurem 

 draws the ear forward and upward ; the Attollens aurem slightly raises it ; and the 

 Retrahens aurem draws it backward. 



3. Palpebral Region (Fig. 269). 



Orbicularis palpebrarum. Levator palpebrae. 



Corrugator supercilii. Tensor tarsi. 



Dissection (Fig. 256). In order to expose the muscles of the face, continue the longi- 

 tudinal incision made in the dissection of the Occipito-frontalis down the median line of the 

 face to the tip of the nose, and from this point onward to the upper lip ; and carry another 

 incision along the margin of the lip to the angle of the mouth, and transversely across the face 

 to the angle of the jaw. Then make an incision in front of the external ear, from the angle of 

 the jaw upward, to join the transverse incision made in exposing the Occipito-frontalis. 

 These incisions include a square-shaped flap, which should be removed in the direction marked 

 in the figure, with care, as the muscles at some points are intimately adherent to the 

 integument. 



The Orbicularis palpebrarum is a sphincter muscle, which surrounds the cir- 

 cumference of the orbit and eyelids. It arises from the internal angular process 

 of the frontal bone, from the nasal process of the superior maxillary in front of the 

 lachrymal groove for the nasal duct, and from the anterior surface and borders of a 

 short tendon, the tendo palpebrarum, placed at the inner angle of the orbit. From 

 this origin the fibres are directed outward, forming a broad, thin, and flat layer, 

 which covers the eyelids, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads out 

 over the temple and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion (ciliaris) of the 

 Orbicularis is thin and pale ; it arises from the bifurcation of the tendo palpebrarum, 

 and forms a series of concentric curves, which are united on the outer side of the eye- 

 lids at an acute angle by a cellular raphe, some being inserted into the external tarsal 

 ligament and malar bone. The orbicular portion (orbicularis latus) is thicker and 

 of a reddish color : its fibres are well developed, and form complete ellipses. The 

 upper fibres of this portion blend with the Occipito-frontalis and Corrugator 

 supercilii. 



Relations. By its superficial surface, with the integument. By its deep 

 surface, above, with the Occipito-frontalis and Corrugator supercilii, with which 

 it is intimately blended, and with the supra-orbital vessels and nerve ; below, it 

 covers the lachrymal sac, and the origin of the Levator labii superioris algeque 

 nasi, the Levator labii superioris, and the Zygomaticus minor muscles. Inter- 



