RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169 



the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders. 

 To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants 

 which are exactly Kubiacese except that the calyx is free from the ovary. 



SUBORDER I. STELLAT^E. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. 



Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent 

 with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. Chiefly herbs. 



1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2 seeded, separating 



into 2 iudehiseeut carpels. 



SUBORDER II. CINCH ONE.E. THE CINCHONA FAMILY. 



Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them. 

 Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free. 



* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. 

 i- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 



2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe 



into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open. 

 8. DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels. 



- -t- Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 

 4. CEPUALANTIIUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-4-eeeded. 



*-!-- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry. 

 6 MITCIIELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb. 



* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod. 



6. OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal. 



SUBORDER III. LOGANIE^. THE LOGANIA FAMILY. 



Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca- 

 lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud. 



7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylei 



separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many. 



8. SP1GELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded. 



9. POLYPKEMUM. See Addend. 



SUBORDER I. STELlJlTJE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY 



1. GAL.IUUI, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS. 



Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta- 

 mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit diy or fleshy, globular, twin, separat- 

 ing when ripe into the 2 seed -like, indehiscent, 1-sceded carpels. Slender 

 herbs, with small cymose flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots 

 often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from yd\a, milk, which some 

 species are used to curdle.) 



* Annual : leaves about 8 in a ivhorl : peduncles 1 - 2-JIowered, axillary. 

 1. O. Aparifie, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and 

 reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, taper- 

 ing to the base, short-ooiuted, rough on the margins and midrib (l'-2' long I 



