(COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 



89. ONOPORDOX. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not pli'.mose. Rcoep- 



tacle honeycombed 

 70. LAPPA. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and. rough bristles, llecep- 



tarle bristly. 



SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLOR^E. 



Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- 

 fect. Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 



* Pappus none. 

 71 LAM PS AN A. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. 



* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 



72. CICIIORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double. 

 78. KRIQIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 bristles. 



74- CYNTHIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of 

 numerous long capillary bristles. 



* * * Pappus plumose. 

 76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base. 



* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles^ not plumose. 

 <- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked. 



76. IIIERACIUM. Acheuia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of the 



involucre unequal. 



77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales 



of the involucre equal. See Addend. 



t- *- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium. 



78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris- 



tles, some of them rigid. 



79. TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white. 



80. PYRUIIOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny 



81. LACTUCA Acheuia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white. 



8& MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue. 

 83 SOXC1IUS. Achenia flattisli, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow. 



1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. 



Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo- 

 lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. 

 Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; tho outer 

 of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. Peren- 

 nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor 

 of Mr. Vei'non, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 



1. V. NovelM>raceilsis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a 

 long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendaf/e or awn ; in some varieties 

 merely pointed. Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river- 

 banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. A tall 

 coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 



2. V. fasciClllata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) 

 rounded and obtuse, without appendage. Prairies aud river-banks, Ohio to Wis- 

 consin and southward. Aug. Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads 

 mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1. 



