ORCHARD INSECTS 321 



the body, and with three pairs of true legs on the thorax and 

 five pairs of false-legs on the abdomen. In New England 

 and the Northern States there is but a single generation 

 each year (at most only a very small second generation), but 

 in the Middle States a considerable proportion of the larvae 

 pupate at once and a second generation of moths emerges 

 in August, while farther south all transform to a second gen- 

 eration. The larvae of the second generation feed mostly 

 on the surface of the apple, thus giving entrance to diseases 

 which cause its decay. 



Although scraping off the loose bark from the trunks of 

 the trees and keeping them smooth so as to give less favor- 

 able conditions for the hibernation of the larvae, and the 

 attraction of birds to the orchard during the winter, will aid 

 in subduing the codling moth, its control is now accom- 

 plished almost entirely by proper spraying with arsenicals. 

 Paris green and various other arsenites were formerly much 

 used, but arsenate of lead has now practically superseded 

 them in commercial use. In spraying for the codling moth 

 the object of the first spray is to fill the calyx cavity, through 

 which the young larva enters the apple, with the poison so 

 that it will be killed before it enters the flesh of the apple. 

 To accomplish this the trees should be sprayed just as soon 

 as the blossoms fall with arsenate of lead, using three pounds 

 of the paste to 50 gallons of water. The spray must be 

 applied with sufficient force so that it will be driven through 

 the trees and will enter the blossoms pointing inward on the 

 side of the tree away from the sprayer. A second spraying 

 should be given about three weeks later, just as the eggs are 

 hatching, to destroy the young larvae feeding on the leaves. 

 Obviously this should be applied so as thoroughly to cover 

 the leaves above and below. In the West and South, where 

 the second generation of larvae is troublesome, a third spray- 



