The Structures and Processes of Stems 133 



tree of the desired variety, with a small oval piece of wood 

 and bark attached, is slipped down inside the cortex of the 



FIG. 76. Methods of grafting and budding. At left, whip grafting; in middle, cleft 

 grafting; at right, budding. A is the cion, and B the stock. C shows the cion and 

 stock joined. 



stock and tied firmly in place (Fig. 76). This places the two 

 cambium layers in contact ; the two pieces unite, and the bud 

 develops into a branch. The stock is then trimmed, so that 

 only the branch from the cion bud remains. 



Grafting is commonly done in the spring ; budding, in the 

 early fall. The fruit produced on grafted or budded trees is 

 usually like that of the cion, regardless of the variety of stock. 

 However, there are cases in which the cion is modified by the 

 stock. Discussions of these cases may be found in books on 

 horticulture. Grafting is usually possible only between 

 closely related species of plants. Sometimes, however, plants 

 that are more remotely related may be grafted on each other, 

 as for example tomato, tobacco, potato, and nightshade, or 

 the pear, apple, and quince. 



