The Structures and Processes of Roots 



177 



Root pressure. If a number of well- watered plants are cut 

 off just above the soil, some of them will exude water for a 

 day or two. Experiments have 

 shown that the sap may in some 

 cases be forced out with pres- 

 sure sufficient to raise water 30 

 or 40 feet. This pressure is 

 called root pressure. When such 

 pressures exist in plants, they 

 probably aid in the lifting of 

 water in stems. Under these cir- 

 cumstances transpiration pulls 

 on the columns of water in the 

 water-conducting vessels from 

 the top, and root pressure pushes 

 on them from below. Extensive 

 experiments have shown, how- 

 ever, that root pressure is inter- - J >------ 



mittent. It may exist at one FlG " I0 f A plant with its stem cut in 



two and connected again with a tube 

 time and not at another, and similar to that shown in Figure 102. 



when transpiration is most active In this case the roots are absorbin s 



water more rapidly than the leaves are 



and the largest Volumes Of Water transpiring it, since the mercury at D is 

 are being raised in a plant, root P ushe d away from the plant. By set- 

 ting the plant in bright sunshine, the 



pressure is wanting entirely. transpiration may be increased . The 



Because of all these facts, it is mercury is then almost immediately 



generally believed that root d- toward the plant. 



pressure is not a necessary factor in the raising of water in 



stems. 



Imbibition and osmosis lead to the development of root 

 pressure, and they are partly responsible for the flow of 

 maple sap (page 135). Grapevines pruned in the spring exude 



