CHRYSALIS. 209 



additional envelope, this taking place within twenty-four 

 hours after the change : at the same time, also, this fluid 

 not only loses its transparency, but also acquires a colour. 

 Previous to the hardening of this . fluid, it is easy to observe 

 as well as to separate the various external organs of which 

 the future butterfly is composed, as the antennae, legs, 

 wings, &c. There is this difference, however, between the 

 chrysalis and the imago, at least of the butterflies : in the 

 former state, one pair of wings (the upper) are alone to be 

 observed, the second, or inferior pair, being hidden beneath 

 them, the intermediate space in the pupa being filled with 

 this gummy matter, by which they are at length glued to- 

 gether; whereas in the butterfly (but not in the moths, 

 except during flight) the lower pair of wings are exposed, 

 even when the butterfly is at rest upon the bosom of a 

 flower. 



Reaumur has divided chrysalides in general into two great 

 divisions namely, those which, from having various angular 

 projections upon the body, he has termed angular chrysalides, 

 and those in which the body is smooth, and unfurnished 

 with these projections, and which may be termed conical 

 chrysalides, but which Reaumur calls " feves ;" and it is a 

 curious circumstance, that all angulated chrysalides produce 

 butterflies, whilst from the conical chrysalides, with a few 

 exceptions, the various tribes of moths and hawk-moths are 

 produced ; these exceptions being confined to the small but- 

 terflies belonging to the family Lycaenidce. Moreover, the 

 chrysalis of the orange-tip butterfly (Mancipium cardamines) 

 seems intermediate between the two groups, having the body 

 boat-shaped, with a spindle-formed process arising from the 

 head, as well as the tail. There is a great difference in the 

 situation of the prominences and angulated projections upon 

 the body of the chrysalides belonging to the first of these 

 divisions ; and in some of the old works of natural history, 



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