306 PTILOTA : INTERNAL ANATOMY. 



in moths, to which nerves extend, but no analogous organ 

 has ever been discovered in other tribes of insects. Muller, 

 in like manner, regarded part of the chiqnng apparatus of 

 the grasshopper as an organ of sound ; whilst Rudolphi con- 

 sidered the anterior salivary glands of bees as similar organs. 

 Of continental authors who have regarded the antennae as 

 analogous to ears, the most celebrated are Sulzer, Scarpa, 

 Schneider, Berkhausen, Reaumur, Bonnsdorf, Carus, Strauss- 

 Diirckheim, Oken, and Burmeister. Kirby and Spence adopt 

 the same view to a certain extent, considering it probable 

 that the primary function of the antennae may be something 

 related to hearing : they further conceive that antennae, by 

 a peculiar structure, may collect notices from the atmo- 

 sphere, receive pulses or vibrations, and communicate them 

 to the sensorium, which, though not precisely to be called 

 hearing, may answer the same purpose. It is true that the 

 antennae have, by other authors, been regarded as the organs 

 of smell and of touch, the grounds for which I shall notice in 

 my observations upon those senses. Moreover, in the higher 

 Crustacea (crabs, &c.), the organs of hearing distinctly exist 

 in the shape of oval apertures, inclosing moveable plates, 

 and placed at the base of the larger pairs of antennae a cir- 

 cumstance which has been considered as affording a strong 

 analogy in favour of the opinion that the antenna: are organs 

 of hearing. 



(c) The Sense of Smell. Thai insects possess, in a high 

 degree, this sense, is evident to every one who knows with 

 what pertinacity the blow-fly discovers meat, even when con- 

 cealed under napkins, in safes, &c. That butterflies will fly 

 down to flowers from a considerable height, may be accounted 

 for by the action of their eyes : indeed, I have seen butter- 

 flies fluttering on the outside of windows, within which were 

 coloured bits of paper, which they evidently mistook for 

 flowers. In the two preceding senses we have seen that 



