66 INSTINCT AND REASON. 



words, we should expect to find in human nature itself 

 those very inequalities, that very conflict of the higher 

 and the lower elements on which moralists so urgently 

 insist, and we should expect to find affinities and 

 resemblances, more or less close, pervading the whole 

 animal creation, and exhibiting human reason and brute 

 intelligence as, upon a broad view, one in kind, however 

 different in degree. 



The first requisite for intelligence is the possession 

 of memory. Without this faculty, intelligence is im- 

 possible ; but, on the other hand, memory that does not 

 subserve some sort of intelligence, is a useless faculty ; 

 and in this the old theory of creation agrees with the 

 new, that nothing obtains a footing in the world with- 

 out a use. It may be urged, that the human memory 

 is incomparably superior to that of the lower animals ; 

 but there are surprising differences in the powers of 

 memory among human beings, and the effects of culti- 

 vation, with the facilities for that cultivation supplied 

 by language, should be taken into account. It is im- 

 portant to observe also, that with brutes, as with men, 

 some individuals are quicker than others ; that the 

 memory of brutes, like our own, can be improved by 

 training ; and that its powers are not equally distributed 

 to all classes. The dog, the horse, the parrot, the 

 elephant, are probably not further below mankind in 

 the faculty of memory, than they are superior in it to 

 the oyster and the jelly-fish. 



To make the most of humanity, without introducing 

 the question of man's material form and structure, one 



