Ill 



THE TWO TYPICAL THEORIES OF 

 KNOWLEDGE 



THE evolution of living organisms is in general a 

 gradual and continuous process. But it is neverthe- 

 less true that it presents well-marked stages and 

 can best be described by reference to these. Fre- 

 quently, moreover, the meaning and true nature 

 of the movement at one stage is only revealed after 

 a subsequent stage has been reached. 



The development of a brain or cerebrum marks 

 one important advance. The presence of this 

 organ renders possible to the animal in varying 

 degree what are called representations of objects, 

 and the faculty of making such representations 

 appears to be a condition precedent to the develop- 

 ment of deliberation, volition, and purposive action 

 as opposed to reflex or instinctive activity. The 

 latter is specially characteristic of other orders 

 of organic existence such as the Articulata being 

 remarkably exemplified in the activities of the 

 social insects such as the bee. 



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