PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 123 



Pathogenesis. If horses, field-mice, or guinea-pigs be 

 inoculated subcutaneously, with but a very small quantity of 

 culture, a local affection results, followed some time after by 

 a general disturbance; ulcers form at the point of inoculation; 

 little nodules, which then caseate, leaving scars and involving 

 the lymphatics; metastatic abscesses then occur in the spleen 

 and lungs, and death arises from exhaustion. Cattle, pigs, 

 and rabbits are not easily affected; man is readily attacked. 

 The bacilli gain entrance to the blood and urine. Nasal 

 glanders occurs whatever the mode of inoculation. 



Manner of Infection. Glanders being a highly contagious 

 disease, it requires but a slight wound to allow it to gain 

 entrance. 



In horses the primary sore seems to be at the nasal mucous 

 membrane. In man it is usually on the fingers. Boiling water 

 or i : 10,000 sublimate solution will quickly destroy the viru- 

 lence of this bacillus. 



Mallein. A substance called mallein has been obtained 

 from the cultures grown in glycerin bouillon. It gives a reaction 

 when injected' into cattle suffering from glanders, and is said 

 to be useful in diagnosing the disease. 



Bacillus of Diphtheria (Klebs-Lbffler). Origin. Klebs 

 found it in membrane in 1883; it was isolated by Loffler in 

 1884. 



Form. Small, slightly curved rods about as long as tubercle 

 bacilli and twice as broad; the ends are at times swollen; 

 spores have not been found. Their form is, however, very 

 variable sometimes much longer than usual, one end often 

 greatly knobbed. Normal bacilli are found only in mem- 

 brane. 



Stained forms are characteristic, since the ends are more easily 

 colored than the center, and usually the bacillus stains in seg- 

 ments, so that it seems to be made up of very short sections. 

 At first sight it appears like a chain of cocci. 



Small granules, the Babes-Ernst granules, are shown by the 

 special staining of Neisser. 



Properties. They do not possess any movement; do not 



