VINEYARD AND SMALL FRUITS. 213 



they give too much water and too little cultivation, and, 

 above all, give them at improper times. Sub-surface 

 irrigation is well adapted to grape culture, as the roots 

 all penetrate to great depth. Where underground pipes 

 are laid near the roots of the vine, they will in a measure 

 overcome the bad effects of over-irrigation, and carry 

 away much of the surface surplus water. In fertilizing 

 grapevines the best method is to place the manure on 

 the soil between the vines in rows, and let its strength, 

 penetrate to the roots. 



Raspberries. Any land that will produce good 

 crops of corn or wheat is suitable for raspberries, and, 

 unlike strawberries, they are benefited by a good deal of 

 shade. Prepare the ground thoroughly and manure lib- 

 erally. Ground bone is a specific fertilizer for the rasp- 

 berry. Keep the soil loose and free of weeds throughout 

 the season, cutting down the suckers with a hoe or cul- 

 tivator, and leaving only three or four canes to a hill or 

 single row for fruiting. Aim to plant an assortment, so 

 as to lengthen the fruiting season. The red varieties 

 should be planted for field culture, in rows six feet apart 

 and the plants three feet distant in rows, thus requiring 

 2400 plants to the acre ; or four feet each way if to be 

 cultivated in hills, requiring 2700 plants to the acre. 

 It is best to place two plants in each hill, taking, of 

 course, double the number. In garden culture plant 

 three feet apart each way and restrict to hills. As soon 

 as planted cut back the canes to within a few inches of 

 the ground, and plants set in autumn should have the 

 soil mounded up over them to protect them from fre- 

 quent freezing and thawing. In spring the earth should 

 be leveled down again. In pruning the bearing canes 

 cut them back one-half their length on an average, but 

 all of the same hight from the ground. The red rasp- 

 berry requires a good deal of moisture, and if planted in 

 shady places irrigation need not be so frequent as when 



