114 GENETICS IN SWEDISH FINLAD 



When the first spermatocyte»division takes place in the hybrid, all the unma* 

 ted chromosomes divide longitudinally, but the few chromosomes that are mated, 

 presumably separate. Consequently each of the daughter cells obtain the diploid 

 number of chromosomes, except for the few that had been united in pairs. The 

 second maturation»division, which is a usual longitudinal division, does not alter 

 this fact, and every spermatozoa receives nearly all the one set of chromosomes 

 from the one parent species, the other from the other parent species. 



The peculiar behaviour of the chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of the 

 hybrids explains, why a back«crossing results in a nearly uniform generation, 

 which is very much like the Fi«parent. The spermatocytes of the Fi=individual 

 contain all — or with few exceptions all — chromosomes of both parents. Con« 

 sequently the descendants of an Fi«individual must of course be like the same. 

 The result is triploid forms, which possess a diploid set of chromosomes of the 

 one parent and a haploid set of the other. 



The correctness of this opinion is corroborated beautifully by the sperma« 

 togenesis of such triploid hybrids. At maturation*divisions appear de facto both 

 a set of bivalent chromosomes as well as a set of univalents. In the reduction 

 division the united chromosomes separate, while the single chromosomes divide 

 in the same manner as at a usual cell division. The spermatozoa of such a 

 secondary Fisindividual have consequently the same set of chromosomes as those 

 of the primary Fi»hybrid, and therefore a weakening of the characters of the one 

 parent is not possible by continued crosses with the other. 



In 1914 similar experiments have been made with some moths of the family 

 Sphingidae. The hybrids between Smerinthus populi and Sm. ocellata also show 

 in spermatogenesis a repulsion between the strange chromosomes; the same thing 

 occurs in respect to hybrids between 5m. ocellata and Dilina tiliae. It was indeed 

 surprising that the reciprocal crosses between the European species Sm. ocellata 

 and his near relative the Eastasian var. planus gave an almost analogous result, 

 though a somewhat greater number of chromosomes usually unite in this case. 



An examination in 1915 of the hybrid between the African variety austauti 

 and the European species Sm. populi showed, that in this hybrid in the greatest 

 number of spermatocytes all the 28 chromosomes of both parents mate, but that 

 in some spermatocytes 29—33 chromosomes could be counted. In these lastnamed* 

 cells 1—4 pairs of chromosomes did not possess the needful affinity towards 

 each other in order to pair. 



Also in a hybrid between two species of the lepidopterous family Noto* 

 dentidae, i. e. Dicranura erminea and D. vinula a completely analogous state of 

 things as in the closely related jFygaera=hybrids could be described 1916. 



A comparison between the results, arrived at through examinations of a 

 number of hybrids, seems to prove, that the farther from each other the parents 

 stand in the system, the fewer chromosomes mate. It was therefore a surprise, 

 that the hybrid between Cbaerocampa porcellus and Ch. elpenor, two Sphingides, 

 of which species both of them have 28 chromosomes, had the same number too, 

 and otherwise did not show any anomalies in their spermatogenesis (1916). A 

 critic has expressed the supposition that a mistake might have been made, but 

 this is impossible. The only examined testis was got through exstirpation from 



