THE NASAL FOti&E 1087 



often branched, glands, the glands of Bowman (glandulae olfactoriae], identical in structure with 

 serous glands. 



The arteries of the nasal fossa' are the anterior and posterior ethmoidal, from the ophthalmic, 

 which supply the ethmoidal cells, frontal sinuses, and roof of the nose; the sphenopalatine, 

 from the internal maxillary, which supplies the mucous membrane covering the spongy bones, 

 the meatuses, and septum; the inferior artery of the septum, from the superior coronary of the 

 facial; and the infraorbital and alveolar branches of the internal maxillary, which supply the 

 lining membrane of the antrum. The ramifications of these vessels form a close, plexifonn 

 network, beneath and in the substance of the mucous membrane. 



The veins of the nasal fossre form a close, cavernous-like network beneath the mucous mem- 

 brane. This cavernous appearance is especially well marked over the lower part of the septum 

 and over the middle turbinated process and inferior turbinated bones. Some of the veins pass, 

 with those accompanying the sphenopalatine artery, through the sphenopalatine foramen; and 

 others, through the alveolar branch, to join the facial vein; some accompany the ethmoidal 

 arteries, and terminate in the ophthalmic vein; and, lastly, a few communicate with the veins in 

 the interior of the skull, through the foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and 

 the foramen cecum. 



The lymphatics have already been described (p. 780). 



The nerves of ordinary sensation are the nasal branch of the ophthalmic, filaments from the 

 anterior dental branch of the superior maxillary, the Vidian, the nasopalatine, the large or 

 anterior palatine, and nasal branches of the sphenopalatine ganglion. The nasal branch of the 

 ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve distributes filaments to the fore part of the septum 

 and outer wall of the nasal fossse. Filaments from the anterior dental branch of the superior max- 

 illary supply the inferior meatus and inferior turbinated bone. The Vidian nerve supplies the 

 upper and back part of the septum and superior turbinated process, and the upper anterior nasal 

 branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion have a similar distribution. The nasopalatine 

 nerve supplies the middle of the septum. The larger or anterior palatine nerve supplies the 

 linccr nasal branches to the middle turbinated process and the turbinated bone. The 

 it/factory naves, the special nerves of the sense of smell, are distributed to the olfactory region, 

 and have been already referred to (p. 976). 



Applied Anatomy. Instances of congenital deformity of the nose are occasionally met with, 

 such as complete absence of the nose, an aperture only being present; or perfect development 

 on one side, and suppression or malformation on the other; or there may be imperfect apposi- 

 tion of the nasal bones, so that the nose presents a median cleft or furrow. Deformities which 

 have been acquired are much more common, such as flattening of the nose (saddle nose), the result 

 of syphilitic necrosis, imperfect development of the nasal bones in cases of congenital syphilis t or 

 a lateral deviation of the nose may result from fracture. 



The skin over the alae and tip of the nose is thick and closely adherent to subjacent parts. 

 Inflammation of this part is therefore very painful, on account of the tension. The skin is largely 

 supplied with blood, and the circulation here being terminal, vascular engorgement is liable to 

 occur, especially in women at the menopause and in both sexes from disorders of digestion, ex- 

 posure to cold, etc. The skin of the nose also contains a large number of sebaceous follicles, and 

 these, as a result of intemperance, are apt to become affected, and the nose becomes reddened, 

 congested, and irregularly swollen. To this condition the term grog blossom is popularly applied. 

 In some of these cases there is enormous hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, pro- 

 ducing pendulous masses, termed lipomaia nasi. Ordinary epithelioma and rodent ulcer may 

 attack the nose, the latter being the more common of the two. Lupus and syphilitic ulceration 

 frequently attack the nose, and may destroy the whole of the cartilaginous portion. In fact, 

 lupus vulgaris begins more frequently on the'ala of the nose than in any other situation. 



Cases of congenital occlusion of one or both nostrils, or adhesion between the ala and septum 

 may occur, and may require immediate operation, since the obstruction much interferes with 

 sucking. Bony closure of the posterior nares may also occur. 



To examine the naml cavities, the head should be thrown back and the nose drawn upward, 

 the parts being dilated by some form of speculum. The posterior nares can be explored by the 

 aid of reflected light from the mouth, by which the posterior nares can be illuminated. The 

 examination is very difficult to carry out, and, as a rule, sufficient information regarding the 

 presence of foreign bodies or tumors in the nasopharynx can be obtained by the introduction 

 of the ringer behind the soft palate through the mouth. " The septum of the nose is sometimes dis- 

 placed or deviates from the middle line; this may be the result of an injury or some congenital 

 defect in its development; in the latter case the deviation usually occurs along the line of union 

 of the vomer and mesethmoid, and rarely occurs before the seventh year. Sometimes the devia- 

 tion may be so great that the septum may come in contact with the outer wall of the nasal fossa, 

 and may even become adherent to it, thus producing complete obstruction. Perforation of the 

 septum is not an uncommon affection and may arise from several causes syphilitic or tubercu- 

 lous ulceration, blood tumor or abscess of the septum, and especially in workmen exposed to the 

 vapor of bichromate of potash, from the irritating and corrosive action of its fumes. When 



