47 



fourth reratobranchials arc supported by the same hypobranchial piece. The 

 cpibranchials support two pharyngobrancluals, which are beset with recurved 

 pointed teeth Pretexted by Sir B. C. Brodie, Bart., F.R.S. 



170. One of the superior pharyngeal bones of a Cod-fish (Gadtu morrkun}. 



Pretexted by Sir B. C. Brodie, Bart., F.R.S. 



171. One of the inferior pharyngeal bones of a Cod-fish (Gadu* morrhua). 



Presented by Sir B. C. Brodie, Bart., F.R.S. 



17'.' The scapula, coracoids, and pectoral fins of a Cod-fish (Gad** nwrrhun}. The 

 bones are numbered in accordance with those in Table I. 



Pretexted by Sir B. C. Brodie, Bart., F.R.S. 



173. The cranium and a considerable portion of the vertebral column of a Cod-fish 



(Gadtu morrAna) 



AM in most Osseous Fishes, the neural arches and parapophysea of the trunk vertebrae have 

 coalesced with the centrums. The parapophrM progressively elongate to the middle of the 

 abdomen : a small supplementary parapophysis is given off behind their base. The gradual 

 change of position until the parapopbyses bend down and unite to form the haemal canal is 

 well shown. There is an anterior and a posterior oblique or articular process ('zygapophysis') 

 developed from each side of the neural arch. The anterior one has its articular surface look- 

 ing downwards and forwards, and rests upon the posterior zygapophysis of the vertebra in 

 advance. The posterior lygapophyses in the tail rise independently of the neural arch. The 

 cranium includes the same vertebral elements, viz. centrums, parapophyses, neurapopbyses, 

 and neural spines, as are shown in the vertebne of the trunk. 



HtmteriaK. 



174. A considerable portion of the vertebral column of a Cod-fish (Gadut morrkua), 



in which a few of the floating ribs or pleurapophyses are retained in articula- 

 tion with the cavities on the sides of the centrum. fftnUerian. 



175. Some of the abdominal vertebrae of a Cod-fish (Gadtu morrhtui). Hunterian. 



176. The skeleton of a Haddock (Mertanyiu aglefimui). 



It is remarkable, as in other fishes of the Cod-tribe, for the great development of the par- 

 apophyses : they form a hsemal arch at the beginning of the caudal region by respectively 



