115 



The pleurapophyses are preserved on the left side ; that of the sacrum is longer, thicker, 

 and more curved than the rest. The neural tubercle is developed into a spine at the fifth 

 caudal vertebra. 



Hunterian. 



588. Some of the cranial bones, partially disarticulated, of the Menopome ; they are 

 numbered according to Table I. of SYNONYMS. Hunterian. 



Genus Triton. 



589. The skeleton of a Newt (Triton cristatus). 



It resembles that of the Menopome in its general characters. The only ossified parts of 

 the haemal arches of the trunk are short pleurapophyses. The long tail is supported by 

 numerous caudal vertebrae, compressed, and extended in the vertical direction by long neural 

 and haemal spines, so as to constitute the chief natatory organ of this aquatic Batrachian. 



Mm. South. 

 Tribe ANOURA (Tail-less Batrachia). 



Genus Rana, Cuvier. 



590. The cranial and vertebral column of the trunk of the Bull-frog (Rana loans). 



The tympanic bone, vomer, pterygoid, palatine, maxillary and premaxillary bones have been 

 removed from the right side, and the rami of the lower jaw are separately preserved. Each 

 ramus consists of three pieces, an articular, an angular, and a dentary piece ; but the latter is 

 edentulous. Teeth are developed only in the upper jaw, viz. upon the premaxillary, maxillary 

 and vomerine bones. The membrana tympani is preserved, together with the columelliform 

 stapes which extends between it and the cartilaginous petrosal. The number of vertebrae of 

 the trunk, exclusive of the coccygeal style, is nine ; the first or atlas has no diapophyses, but 

 these are present, and of great length, in the rest ; especially in the third, fourth and ninth 

 vertebrae ; in the latter they are very thick, stand outwards, and support by their truncated 

 extremities two other long, curved, compressed, rib-like bones, which expand at their distal 

 extremities and unite there to two partially anchylosed bony plates which complete the inferior 

 or haemal arch of the ninth segment of the trunk. 



The bones of the hinder extremities are attached to the point of union of the above costal 

 and haemal pieces, one of which answers to the ilium and the other to the ischium. The 

 superior development of this arch relates to the great size and strength of the hinder extremi- 

 ties in the Tail-less tribe. The bodies of the vertebrae are articulated by ball-and-socket joints, 

 the cup being anterior, the ball posterior, a modification which relates to the more terrestrial 



