760 



but a third is wanting. The transverse process of the atlas is bituberculate, and is perforated 

 lengthwise by the vertebral artery, which afterwards grooves the neural arch : there is a low 

 hypapophysial tubercle, but no neural spine. The transverse process of the axis is deeply 

 grooved, but not perforated ; consisting almost entirely of the pleurapophysial portion. In the 

 third vertebra the two portions of the transverse process are united, external to the perfora- 

 tion by the vertebral artery. In the fourth cervical the pleurapophysial part projects distinctly 

 below the diapophysial part, and progressively diverges in the fifth and sixth, increasing in size, 

 especially in the latter, without, however, acquiring that antero-posterior breadth^ which gives 

 it the lamelliform character in the inferior apes. In the present skeleton the intermediate 

 plate of bone uniting these divisions of the transverse process is not perforated on the right 

 side. The transverse process of the seventh cervical consists of the diapophysis only, and is 

 grooved below, not perforated, by the vertebral artery. The distinct nature of the equally 

 simple transverse process in the second and seventh cervical vertebrae of this Orang is well 

 shown by their different relative positions to the groove with which the vertebral artery has 

 impressed them. The neural spine of the axis is bifurcated ; that of the third cervical is 

 simple, but is long and slender ; those of the succeeding cervicals are still longer, and pro- 

 gressively increase in thickness as well as length. The metapophysis appears as a tubercle, 

 near the base of the anterior zygapophysis of the twelfth dorsal : it is equally distinct on 

 the first lumbar, but subsides to a slight eminence on the succeeding lumbar vertebrae. The 

 anapophysis is only distinguishable from the diapophysis upon the first lumbar vertebra, 

 where it serves to illustrate the true relation of the diapophysis of that vertebra to those 

 of the antecedent dorsals and the succeeding lumbars. The spine of the third dorsal has 

 an anterior and posterior prominence : the succeeding spines gradually diminish in length, 

 but increase in breadth and antero-posterior extent to the penultimate lumbar. Seven 

 pairs of ribs directly articulate with the sternum, which has consisted of the manubrium 

 and four pairs of ossicles, the two lower pairs of which have coalesced. The manubrium is 

 broad, but shorter than in the Gibbons, and receives only the first and part of the second 

 pairs of ribs. The right clavicle has been broken, and has united, much shortened and 

 thickened. The scapula approaches, by its breadth, to the form of that of Man, but the aero- 

 mion is narrower, longer, and more antroverted. The humerus shows a small perforation 

 between the condyles, but none above the inner condyle. The radius and ulna are remarkable 

 for their length, and the extent of the interosseous space. The wrist consists of nine bones, 

 as in the inferior apes, resulting, as in them, from the dismemberment of the scaphoid. 

 The bones of the thigh and leg are disproportionately short : the articulation of the latter 

 with the tarsus is so adjusted as to turn the sole obliquely inwards. The hallux is dispro- 

 portionately short, and appears to have had but one phalanx. The bones of the other toes 

 are as remarkable for their length, especially the metatarsals and proximal phalanges, which 

 are likewise bent towards the sole, indicating the habitual application of the foot in the act of 

 grasping, in accordance with the arboreal habits and sphere of existence of this great anthro- 

 poid ape. 



Presented by Sir Stamford Raffles, P.Z.S. 



