795 



In the first lumbar vertebra the metapophysis is still large and distinct ; the anterior zyg- 

 apophysis becomes more convex and oblique in position ; the diapophysis is suddenly elon- 

 gated, as compared with that of the corresponding Human vertebra ; the chief difference is 

 seen in the smaller size of the neural canal which relates to the inferior development of the 

 lower extremities, and in the greater length and terminal expanse of the neural spine. The 

 same difference obtains in the second lumbar vertebra ; the diapophyses are broader and more 

 depressed in the Gorilla ; the anterior zygapophyses are more convex in part, not wholly con- 

 cave as in Man ; a fossa divides them from the metapophyses ; the centrum is as broad as in 

 Man, but is deeper and longer ; the neural spine extends more obliquely backwards, and its 

 expanded apex is bifid. In the last lumbar vertebra the difference is very striking in the 

 minor expanse of the centrum in the Gorilla, especially behind, in the much smaller and more 

 depressed form of the neural canal, in the shorter and broader diapophysis, the more distinct 

 metapophvsis, in the convex anterior and more approximated posterior zygapophysis, and in 

 the greater length of the centrum. 



The lumbar vertebrae have longer bodies in proportion to their breadth, their spines slope 

 more backwards ; the metapophyses continue more distinct and prominent ; the spines are 

 more expanded at their extremity, and in all but the last are sub-bifid, in the Gorilla. 



When naturally articulated together they form a straight line, without any tendency to 

 convexity forwards as in Man ; and the whole series of true vertebrae in the Gorilla form but 

 one curvature, which is slightly concave forwards, especially in the dorsal region. 



The sacrum departs in a greater and more instructive degree from the Human type ; it 

 consists of five anchylosed vertebrae, but they are longer and narrower than in Man, and pre- 

 sent a very slight curve, with the concavity forwards ; the neural foramina are much smaller, 

 the neural spines much more developed, and coalesce to form a single strong bony ridge, 

 extended over and gradually subsiding on the last sacral vertebra, the neural arch of which 

 is entire ; the articular surface of the first sacral vertebra is one-third smaller than in Man ; 

 the zygapophyses are smaller, but the metapophyses are present and well developed ; the 

 iliac surface extends to the upper half of the third vertebra, is narrower than in Man, but 

 owing to the greater length of the first and second vertebrae, it is longer. The posterior 

 outlets of the nervous canals are very small, and the whole neural canal is much more con- 

 tracted. 



The scapula, besides its greatly superior size, being eleven inches and a half in length, 

 differs from that of Man, 1st, in the more oblique course of the spine, which leaves a greater 

 extent of the superior costa ; 2nd, in the greater length and breadth of the coracoid ; 3rd, in 

 the straightness of the inferior costa ; and 4th, the greater convexity of the base, especially 

 as it approaches the lower angle : the plane of the glenoid cavity is less parallel with the base 

 than in Man, it looks more obliquely upwards ; the suprascapular notch is not defined. The 

 glenoid cavity resembles that of Man in shape, but relatively to the entire bone is somewhat 

 smaller ; it is somewhat more concave. 



The clavicle is of the same length as that in Man, but is thicker, with a subtrihedral shaft 

 and the sigmoid flexure less marked ; the sternal articular surface is less oblong ; the surface 

 for the attachment of the subclavius muscle near that end is less defined ; in the Gorilla, the 

 acromial end is broader and flatter below, the tuberosities at the commencement of the same 



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